The Post-Vulgate Cycle, also known as the Post-Vulgate Arthuriad, the Post-Vulgate Roman du Graal (Romance of the Grail) or the Pseudo-Robert de Boron Cycle,[1] is one of the major Old Frenchprosecycles of Arthurian literature from the early 13th century. It is considered essentially a rewriting of the earlier and more popular Vulgate Cycle (also known as the Lancelot-Grail cycle), with much left out but also much added, including characters and scenes from the Prose Tristan. The cycle has not survived in any manuscript in its entirety and has been reconstructed from French, Spanish, and Portuguese fragments in several medieval languages.
The Post-Vulgate Cycle, written anonymously probably between 1230 and 1235 (different estimates of the beginning date) to 1240, is an attempt to create greater unity in the material, and to de-emphasise the secular love affair between Lancelot and Guinevere in favor of the Quest for the Holy Grail. It omits almost all of the Vulgate Cycle's Lancelot Proper section, making it much shorter than its source, and directly condemns everything but the spiritual life. It did not survive complete, but has been reconstructed from various Old French (considered original yet only survived in two fragments known as the Huth Merlin and La Folie Lancelot[2]), Castilian, Old Spanish, and Galician-Portuguese fragments. Earlier theories postulated that the so-called "pseudo-Boron" cycle, named so due to one manuscript's attribution of its original authorship to Robert de Boron, was either older than the Vulgate or derived from the same common and now lost source.[3] The Post-Vulgate (or at least its Suite du Merlin section[4]) was also one of the most important sources of Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.
Branches
The work is divided into four parts, named similar to their corresponding Vulgate versions.
The Post-VulgateEstoire del Saint Grail, which did not differ significantly from the Vulgate version. It tells the story of Joseph of Arimathea and his son Josephus, who brings the Holy Grail to Britain.
The Post-VulgateEstoire de Merlin, which also bears but few changes from the Vulgate. It concerns Merlin and the early history of Arthur.
To this section is added the Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, or the Suite Post-Vulgate, the first major departure from the source material. It adds many adventures of Arthur and the early Knights of the Round Table, and includes details about Arthur's incestuous begetting of Mordred and receiving Excalibur from the Lady of the Lake that are not found in the Vulgate. It is best known from the French manuscript known as the Huth-Merlin. One version was printed twice as the Baladro del Sabio Merlín[es].
An incomplete fragment known as La Folie Lancelot (as published by Fanni Bogdanow) combines material from the Vulgate Lancelot Proper (otherwise missing from the Post-Vulgate Cycle) and the first version of the Prose Tristan to connect the events to the Queste section.[5] Some gaps are also filled in other surviving fragments.[6]
The Post-VulgateQueste del Saint Graal describes the knights' search for the Holy Grail, which can only be achieved by the worthy knights Galahad, Percival, and Bors. The Post-Vulgate Queste is very different in tone and content from the Vulgate version. Elements from the Prose Tristan are present, such as the character Palamedes and King Mark's invasions of Arthur's realm. Its most complete version is the Portuguese Demanda do Santo Graal. This part of the cycle has been repeatedly printed in Spain as the Demanda del Santo Grial.
The Post-VulgateMort Artu, concerning Arthur's death at the hands of his son Mordred and the collapse of his kingdom. It is based more closely on the Vulgate Mort but was rewritten with greater connectivity to the previous sections. Like the Queste, the P-V Mort is longer than the Vulgate version.
Modern editions
The first full English translation of the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles were overseen by Norris J. Lacy.
Lacy, Norris J. (ed.). Lancelot-Grail: The OldThe Lady of the Lake French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation. New York: Garland.
Volume 4 of 5 (1 April 1995). ISBN0-8153-0748-9: The Quest for the Holy Grail, The Death of Arthur, and The Post-Vulgate, Part I: The Merlin Continuation.
Volume 5 of 5 (1 May 1996). ISBN0-8153-0757-8: The Post-Vulgate, Parts I-III: The Merlin Continuation (end), The Quest for the Holy Grail, The Death of Arthur, and Chapter Summaries and Index of Proper Names.
Lacy, Norris J. (ed.). The Lancelot-Grail Reader: Selections from the Medieval French Arthurian Cycle (2000). New York: Garland. ISBN0-8153-3419-2
Lacy, Norris J. (ed.). Lancelot–Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.
Volume 8 of 10 (March 2010). ISBN9781843842385: The Post-Vulgate Cycle: The Merlin Continuation.
Volume 9 of 10 (October 2010). ISBN9781843842330: The Post-Vulgate Cycle: The Quest for the Holy Grail and The Death of Arthur.
Volume 10 of 10 (March 2010). ISBN9781843842521: Chapter Summaries for the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles and Index of Proper Names.
Bogdanow, Fanni. (1966). The Romance of the Grail: A Study of the Structure and Genesis of a Thirteenth-Century Arthurian Prose Romance. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Bogdanow, Fanni. (1986). "La Chute du royaume d'Arthur. Evolution d'un thème." Romania 107, pp.504–19.
Lacy, Norris J. (Ed.) (2000). The Lancelot-Grail Reader. New York: Garland. ISBN0-8153-3419-2.
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