| Psyllobora vigintimaculata | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Coccinellidae |
| Genus: | Psyllobora |
| Species: | P. vigintimaculata |
| Binomial name | |
| Psyllobora vigintimaculata (Say, 1824) | |
Psyllobora vigintimaculata, the twenty-spotted lady beetle, is a species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. [1] [2] [3] [4] It is found in North America. [1]
P. vigintimaculata is about 1.75–3.0 mm in length, lives 1-2 years, and has four or five distinctive dark spots on the pronotum in an "M" shape. The elytra have dark, orange or bicolored spots on a white background. Although it is sometimes confused with the fourteen-spotted lady beetle ( Propylea quatuordecimpunctata) and the Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis), its unique pattern helps to distinguish it from other lady beetle species found in North America. [5]
In a laboratory setting, the subspecies P. vigintimaculata taedata undergoes four larval instars, molting and then pupation. The timing of life cycle varies according to rearing conditions.
The first instar larvae has a white oval body with small hairs projecting from the thorax. The larvae of the second instar have a stripe and a much darker color that gradually turns lighter with each subsequent instar. During the end of the fourth instar, the larvae attaches itself to a leaf or a petiole to molt. Pupae emerge with wing pads as well as black spots.
When eggs were deposited in 20°C it took about 32 days for adults to emerge. At 25°C it took about 20 days. [6]
It has been proposed that P. vigintimaculata could be used in place of fungicides as a biological control. This is because of its ability to utilize olfactory cues to seek out and feed on plants infected with powdery mildew, which is an agriculturally significant plant parasite. [7] For example, P. Vigintimaculata was also involved in an experiment with a group of organisms that are predators of the pests that consume and damage the Jatropha Curcas crop grown in Brazil. Although it was shown that they don’t include the pests as often in their diet than other organisms, they did prove the importance of predator response in prey density that ultimately decides the survivorship of the J. Curcas crop. [8] This could help solve problems associated with current control methods like resistance, effect on non-target plants, and worker's safety. However, arthropod consumption of mildew and its potential for disease control is understudied. Some important considerations involve insect and mildew density, ability to locate food as well as seasonality of feeding. [6]
The fungal parasite Hesperomyces virescens Thaxter has been reported to infect P. vigintimaculata. [9] More recent work has suggested that this parasite consists of multiple species, one per host, [10] though the species living on P.vigintimaculata has not yet been formally described. The level of harm that the parasite causes to its host is unclear. [11]
Harmonia axyridis is a large lady beetle or ladybug species that is most commonly known as the harlequin, Asian, or multicoloured Asian lady beetle. This is one of the most variable species in the world, with an exceptionally wide range of colour forms. It is native to eastern Asia, but has been artificially introduced to North America and Europe to control aphids and scale insects. It is now common, well known, and spreading in those regions, and has also established in Africa and widely across South America. This species is conspicuous in North America, where it may locally be known as the Halloween beetle, as it often invades homes during October to overwinter.
Hippodamia convergens, commonly known as the convergent lady beetle, is one of the most common lady beetles in North America and is found throughout the continent. They tend to live a variety of habitats, including grasslands and forests.
Coccinella novemnotata, the nine-spotted ladybug or nine-spotted lady beetle or C9, is a species of ladybug in the family Coccinellidae native to North America. This beetle was once ubiquitous across the continent but it experienced a sharp and drastic decline around the 1960’s. As a rare species, the nine-spotted ladybug has received much attention from researchers who wish to understand the causes of its decline and restore the population of this charismatic beetle to benefit from their aphidophagous nature as biocontrol agents in agriculture.
Coccinella septempunctata, the common ladybug, the seven-spot ladybird, is a carnivorous beetle native to the Old World and is the most common ladybird in Europe. The beetle is also found in North America, Central and Eastern Asia and regions with a temperate climate. Its elytra are of a red colour, but each punctuated with three black spots, with one further spot being spread over the junction of the two, making a total of seven spots, from which the species derives both its common and scientific names.
Halyzia sedecimguttata, or orange ladybird, is a species of Coccinellidae (ladybirds) family.
Coccinellidae is a widespread family of small beetles. They are commonly known as ladybugs in North America and ladybirds in the United Kingdom; "lady" refers to mother Mary. Entomologists use the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles to avoid confusion with true bugs. The more than 6,000 described species have a global distribution and are found in a variety of habitats. They are oval beetles with a domed back and flat underside. Many of the species have conspicuous aposematic (warning) colours and patterns, such as red with black spots, that warn potential predators that they taste bad.
Coccinella undecimpunctata, the eleven-spot ladybird or eleven-spotted lady beetle, it is native to central Asia, though commonly found in Europe, and formerly North America as its populations are decreasing. It is of the family Coccinellidae, commonly referred to as ladybugs or lady beetles.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, common name mealybug ladybird or mealybug destroyer, is a species of ladybird beetle native to eastern Australia. The beetle feeds on mealybugs and other scale insects, and is used to control those pests on citrus orchards worldwide.
Hesperomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae. The genus contains at least twelve species, including the type species, the Green Beetle Hanger. H. virescens is a complex of species. It is an ectoparasite of an invasive species to Europe and the Americas, the harlequin ladybird. Laboratory bioassays pointed out that Hesperomyces-infected ladybirds suffered increased mortality rates.
Coccinella leonina, common name orange-spotted ladybird, is a species of ladybird native to New Zealand. It is black with orange spots. A predator species, it is present in a variety of habitats.
Coleomegilla maculata, commonly known as the spotted lady beetle, pink spotted lady beetle or twelve-spotted lady beetle, is a large coccinellid beetle native to North America. The adults and larvae feed primarily on aphids and the species has been used as a biological control agent. Based on name connotation and to avoid confusion with other species also called "spotted ladybeetle", spotted pink ladybeetle is probably the most appropriate common name for this species.
Cycloneda sanguinea, also known as the spotless lady beetle, is a widespread species of ladybird beetle in the Americas.
The Epilachninae are a subfamily of the family of lady beetles, the Coccinellidae, in the order Coleoptera. Superficially, they look much like other ladybirds in the larger subfamily Coccinellinae, but they differ importantly in their biology, in that the members of the subfamily are largely or completely leaf-feeding herbivores rather than being predators. Accordingly, several members of the subfamily are crop pests, and sometimes cause locally serious crop losses.
Psyllobora is a genus of fungus-eating lady beetles in the family Coccinellidae. There are about 17 described species in Psyllobora.
Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata is a beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is the only member of the genus Subcoccinella. It has the typical, almost semi-spherical, ladybird shape and is patterned with spots. However it differs from many of the well-known ladybirds in being neither smooth and shiny nor an eater of aphids: the wing-cases look velvety and it eats fungal moulds on plants.
Brumoides suturalis, the three-striped lady-beetle, is a species of ladybird described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1789. It is found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea.
Olla v-nigrum is a species in the family Coccinellidae, in the suborder Polyphaga. The species is known generally as the ashy gray lady beetle. The distribution range of Olla v-nigrum includes Central America, North America, and Oceania. It is usually gray or pale tan with small black spots on its elytra and thorax. However, a variation can resemble Chilocorus orbus, another species of lady beetle. This form is black with two red spots on the wing covers and has white on the edge of the prothorax.
Afidenta misera, is a species of lady beetle widespread in the Oriental region.
Illeis cincta is a species of lady beetle native to India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia.
Illeis (Hibachi) bistigmosa, is a species of lady beetle native to India, and Sri Lanka.
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