Purton Hulks

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The remains of the Severn Collier (2014) Remains of a wooden barge (geograph 3908853).jpg
The remains of the Severn Collier (2014)

The Purton Hulks or Purton Ships' Graveyard [1] is a number of abandoned boats and ships, deliberately beached beside the River Severn near Purton in Gloucestershire, England, to reinforce the river banks. Most were beached in the 1950s and are now in a state of considerable decay. The site forms the largest ship graveyard in mainland Britain. [2]

Contents

A riverbank collapse in 1909 led to concerns that the barrier between the river and the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal would be breached. Old vessels were run aground and soon filled with water and silt to create a tidal erosion barrier. The vessels included steel barges, Severn trows and concrete ships. The boats came from throughout the British Isles and were built in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th.

Since 2000, archaeological investigations have been undertaken to find out more about the vessels and their states of decay. Explanatory labels have been provided. One barge has been scheduled as an ancient monument and several are included in the National Register of Historic Vessels.

History

Concrete barges on the foreshore Flood defences on the far shore of the River Severn (geograph 1894775).jpg
Concrete barges on the foreshore

Purton lies on the southern bank of the River Severn about 1⁄2 mile (1 km) north of the port of Sharpness. The Severn is the longest river in the United Kingdom, at about 220 miles (354 km) [3] [4] and, with an average discharge of 107 m3/s (3,800 cu ft/s) at Apperley, Gloucestershire, it is the greatest river in terms of water flow in England and Wales. [5]

The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal

At the site of the Purton Hulks there is less than 50 metres (160 ft) of land between the river and the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal (or Gloucester and Berkeley Canal). The 26.5-kilometre-long (16.5 mi) canal was dug between Gloucester and Sharpness; for much of its length it runs close to the tidal River Severn, but cuts off a significant loop in the river, at a once-dangerous bend near Arlingham. It was once the broadest and deepest canal in the world. [6] Conceived in the Canal Mania period of the late 18th century, the Gloucester and Berkeley Ship Canal scheme was authorised by a 1793 Act of Parliament. [7]

The canal opened in April 1827, having cost £440,000 (equivalent to £48,000,000in 2023) in the course of its construction. [8] The flood plain of the Severn hereabouts is very flat and so the elevation of the canal does not require any rise over its length. Outside the dock areas at each end, there are no locks. [9] This encouraged the use of the canal for ships larger than on most other British canals, although there were a number of swing bridges to negotiate. As opened the canal was 86+1⁄2 feet (26.4 m) wide, 18 feet (5.5 m) deep and could take craft of up to 600 tons. [8] In 1905 traffic exceeded one million tons for the first time. [10] Oil was added to the list of cargoes carried by the canal, with bulk oil carriers taking fuel to storage tanks sited to the south of Gloucester. [11]

Coastal defences

Stern of a ferro-cement barge Boat graveyard - geograph.org.uk - 103070.jpg
Stern of a ferro-cement barge

The stretch of canal from Sharpness to Purton runs very close to the river. At a high spring tide they were separated by little more than the width of the towpath. The canal also has no locks, and owing to its width, not even any stop locks. Any damage to the canal bank could thus render the entire canal unnavigable.

In 1909, following a collapse in the bank of the river, [12] the canal company's chief engineer Mr A. J. Cullis called for old vessels to be run aground along the bank of the Severn, near Purton, to create a makeshift tidal erosion barrier to reinforce the narrow strip of land between the river and canal. [13] Barges, trows and schooners were "hulked" at high tide, by towing them from the dock at Sharpness and releasing them to be carried up the bank on the tide. Holes were then made in their hulls so that they filled with water, and over time silt has been laid down inside them. [13]

More boats have been added, including the schooner Katherine Ellen which was impounded in 1921 for running guns to the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Kennet Canal barge Harriett, and ferrocement barges built in World War II. [14] The last boat was beached in 1965. [15] The ground level has built up over the years and some of the more recent additions are lying on top of those which had been beached earlier. [13]

Preservation

In 1999, a local maritime historian, Paul Barnett, commenced a privately funded research project which saw the site's 86 vessels recorded and recognised as the largest ships' graveyard in mainland Britain. [16] The Nautical Archaeology Society investigated the site in 2008 as part of its Diving into History Project, [17] [18] and carried out laser scanning of the remains. [19] In 2010, British Waterways took control of the site in an attempt to protect it. [20] [12] [21]

The only known surviving Kennet barge, Harriett, which was beached at Purton in 1964, has been scheduled as an ancient monument [22] and included in the National Register of Historic Vessels, [23] as are several ferro concrete barges. The remains of the vessels are not covered by the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, as they are not on the seabed. But some of the other vessels may not be eligible for scheduling as ancient monuments, under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, because they are not inland. [24] The issue and the responsibility of various statutory bodies in their protection was debated in the House of Commons in 2009. [25]

Vessels

Fell's design of knees on Dispatch Purton Hulks Dispatch knee.jpg
Fell's design of knees on Dispatch

The wooden vessels include examples of the Severn trow. Several concrete ships can also be seen at the site; these are built of steel and ferrocement (reinforced concrete).

Dispatch is notable for its use of, and the sole surviving remains of, Fell's Patent Knees. These were a patent innovation from 1839 by Jonathan Fell of Workington, Cumberland, [26] and were part of the development of the iron and wood composite hull. Ships before this had been built from oak, where the strong curved brackets needed to join the deck into the hull side frames could be found as naturally grown 'knees' from the angles between major branches and the trunk. In the post-Nelsonic era there was a general shortage of shipbuilding timber, particularly oak, one of the few species with strong enough branch attachments to provide knees.

Dispatch's hull is of pine, which has weak branches. A number of iron substitutes were developed, Fell's design being one of the later and more advanced forms. It had two advantages over earlier rigid-forged patterns: it provided a degree of flexibility in storms and, most significantly, could be stressed after the hull had been constructed and launched or even loaded, when the hull was under its working load. [27] Together with the diagonal iron strapping, [28] this rendered Dispatch's hull particularly strong and had allowed her to endure at least two collisions. [29]

List of vessels which make up the Purton Hulks [30]
NamePhotoType/MaterialBuiltBeachedIncluded in NRHV Notes
Abbey Purton Hulks Abbey.jpg Dock lighter 1900 by Joseph Barnard of Gloucester 1956No85 feet (26 m) long and with a breadth of 19 feet (5.8 m). [31] Hull damaged by fire since 2002. [32]
Ada Purton Hulks Ada.jpg Schooner (Bristol Dandy)1869 by Thomas Gardner of Bristol 1956NoThe original masts were removed in 1930 and she became a towed barge and then a floating garbage hold. Since beaching, has been damaged by arson. [33] [34]
AlaskaWoodc. 1880 by Robert Davies of Saul 1939NoOriginally owned by Gloucester pilots. [35]
Arkendale H Wrecks of the Arkendale H and Wastdale H (geograph 2387733).jpg Steel barge19371960NoOne of two barges which hit the Severn Railway Bridge in fog on 25 October 1960. [36] Two spans of the 22-span steel and cast iron bridge collapsed into the river. Parts of the structure hit the barges, causing the fuel oil and petroleum they were carrying to catch fire; five people died in the incident.
Barge AbbeyWooden barge ? by Joseph Barnard, Gloucester c. 1951No84 feet (26 m) long. [37]
BarnwoodSteel barge1913 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore c. 1973NoGross 59.04 ton Net 56.04 ton [38]
BarryDock lighterPre 1920s by Joseph Barnard, Gloucester c. 1951NoGross 59.04 ton Net 56.04 ton B.D [39]
Britannia Purton Hulks Britannia.jpg Trow 1878 by Fredrick Charles Hipwood, Gloucester 1944NoGross 33.71 ton Net 28.36 ton [40]
BirdlipSteel barge1915 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore 1972No85 feet (26 m) long. Gross 59.04 ton Net 56.04 ton B.D [41]
Briton FerrySteam grab dredger crane and wood pontoon1903 by Neath Harbour Commission & (crane) Priestman Bros. of Hull and Londonc. 1957NoUsed as a dredger and crane by Neath Harbour Board and then Gloucester Docks Board. [42]
BrockworthSteel barge1913 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore c. 1972No85 feet (26 m) long. [43]
Cam1905 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore c. 1973No84 feet (26 m) long. Breadth 19 feet (5.8 m). [44]
Catherine Ellen (Katherine Ellen) Purton Hulks Catherine Ellen.jpg Schooner (2 masted wooden)1862 by White of Waterford, Ireland1952NoInvolved in the Irish War of Independence in 1921. [45]
CranhamNo
Dispatch/New Dispatch Dispatch, Purton hulks.jpg Schooner (two-masted wooden)1888 by Garmouth James & John Geddie, Kingston on Spey 1961NoOriginally a 120-ton vessel which was 90 feet (27 m) long, it was rebuilt in Gloucester in 1939 and the name changed. [29] [28]
Dursley Purton Hulks Dursley.jpg Dock lighter1926 by Joseph Barnard of Gloucester c. 1963NoLocal timber carrier. [46]
Edith Purton Hulks Edith.jpg Trow 1901 by William Hurd, Chepstow c. 1962NoTransported coal from the Forest of Dean to Bristol, Chepstow and Bridgwater. [47] [48] [49]
Envoy Purton Hulks Envoy.jpg Stroudwater barge No
FCB 51 Ferrocement barge 1941 by Wates Building Group Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness 1965No [50]
FCB 521965Yes [51] Built in World War II to provide port lighterage and floating storage facilities in a time when wood and steel were in short supply. [52] In 1990 the boat was removed from Purton by the Gloucester Waterways Museum. She was at Marshfield until 2012 when she was reported sunk. [51]
FCB 67 Purton Hulks FCB 67.jpg 1962Yes [53] [54]
FCB 68 Purton Hulks FCB 68.jpg 1962Yes [55] [56]
FCB 75 Remains of a barge, FCB 75, Purton (geograph 3908847).jpg 1965Yes [57] [58]
FCB 761965Yes [59] [60]
FCB 77 Purton Hulks FCB 77.jpg 1965Yes [61] [62]
FCB 78 Purton Hulks FCB 78.jpg 1965Yes [63] [64]
Forty Ton FlatNo
Glenby Purton Hulks Glenby.jpg Stroudwater barge No
Guide (Shamrock)Schooner (Wood Brigantine)1854 by Holman & Kelly, Dartmouth 1950No [65]
Harriett Harriett, Purton hulks.jpg Wooden Kennet barge1905 by Robbins, Lane and Pinnegar of Honeystreet, Pewsey 1964Yes [23] Scheduled as an ancient monument. [22]
Higre Remains of the Higre (geograph 3908867).jpg Trow 1876 by Samuel Hipwood, Gloucester 1965No [66] [67]
Hopper No6No
Huntley Bow and remains of the Huntley (geograph 3908899).jpg No
Island Maid (Orby) Purton Hulks Island Maid (Orby).jpg Schooner1863 by William Hole Shilston & Co, Plymouth 1945NoTraded with Spain and Mediterranean ports. The wreck was largely destroyed by scrap metal dealers in 1953. [68]
J&ARSevern trow1894 Saul 1950sNo [69]
Jonadab Purton Hulks Jonadab.jpg Severn trow, converted to a motor barge in 19481848 Newport No [70]
Lighter No. 6Steel barge1902 by A. W. Robertson & Co, Londonc. 1972No [71]
Lighter No. 91902 by A. W. Robertson & Co, Londonc. 1972No [72]
Lighter No. 201928 by Charles Hill & Sons of Bristolc. 1973No [73]
Lighter No. 23c. 1976No [74]
Lighter No. 321928 by Charles Hill & Sons of Bristolc. 1976No [75]
Mary Ann Purton Hulks Mary Ann.jpg 1870 GloucesterNo [76]
Mary of BrimscombeNo
Mary of TruroNo
MatsonSteel barge1924 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore c. 1972No [77]
Monarch Purton Hulks Monarch.jpg Severn trow1890 GloucesterNo [78]
Newark Purton Hulks Newark.jpg Wooden barge1896 by Joseph Barnard, Gloucester c. 1956No [79]
Petrus Purton Hulks Petrus.jpg No
Priory Stroudwater barge No
Rockby Rockby - Purton ships graveyard (geograph 4268021).jpg Stroudwater barge c. 1890s by Joseph Barnard, Gloucester 1946NoMost of remains underground. [80]
Sally (King) The remains of the King (geograph 2904273).jpg SchoonerPossibly 1884 in Middlesbrough1951NoLittle known about the ship's history. [81]
SandhurstSteel barge1924 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore c. 1972No [82]
Sarah MacDonald (Voltaic) Purton Hulks Sarah Macdonald.jpg No
Selina Jane1872 BridgwaterNo [83]
Severn Collier Remains of the "Severn Collier" at Purton (geograph 4176232).jpg Wooden screw barge19371965NoOriginally motorised and later converted into a towed barge. [84]
Severn ConveyorSteel tank barge1930 by Charles Hill & Sons, Bristolc. 1970No [85]
Severn Eagle'Bird' class steel barge1935 by Charles Hill & Sons, Bristol1972No [86]
Severn Falcon1935 by Charles Hill & Sons, Bristol1974No [87]
Severn Hawk1935 by Charles Hill & Sons, Bristol1972No [88]
Severn KingSteel Screw Car Ferry1935 by Beverley, Woodward & Scarr, Yorkshire1970NoUsed on the Aust Ferry. Withdrawn 1966. In 1970 this boat was in use to support the demolition of the damaged Severn Railway Bridge, when it collided with one of the bridge piers and was damaged. It was then beached and cut up for scrap. [89] [90] [91]
Society Stroudwater barge No
Tirley The hull of the Tirley (geograph 2904265).jpg No
TribuneNo
TuffleySteel barge1916 by Robert Cock & Sons, Richmond Dock, Appledore 1972No [92]
VictoriaNo
Wastdale H Wrecks of the Arkendale H and Wastdale H.jpg Steel motor barge1951 by Sharpness Shipyard Ltd, Sharpness 1960NoOne of two barges which hit the Severn Railway Bridge in fog on 25 October 1960. [93] Two spans of the 22-span steel and cast iron bridge collapsed into the river. Parts of the structure hit the barges causing the fuel oil and petroleum they were carrying to catch fire; five people died in the incident.

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References

  1. ↑ Barefoot, Barnett & McNeil 2009, p. 5.
  2. ↑ Paul Barnett (9 October 2009). "Ministerial visit to historic Purton site". Cotswold Canals Heritage. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  3. ↑ "Frankwell Flood Alleviation Scheme, Shrewsbury" (PDF). UK Environment Agency . Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  4. ↑ "The River Severn Facts". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
  5. ↑ Marsh, Terry (2014). The Severn Way. Cicerone Press. ISBN   9781783620333.
  6. ↑ "Inland Waterways Association: Gloucester and Sharpness Canal". Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  7. ↑ Hadfield 1967, p. 345.
  8. 1 2 Hadfield 1967, p. 348.
  9. ↑ Conway-Jones 2013, p. 4.
  10. ↑ Hadfield 1967, p. 352.
  11. ↑ Green 1999, p. 27.
  12. 1 2 "British Waterways to lead the way in hulks salvation". My Thornbury. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 Conway-Jones, Hugh. "Purton Barge Graveyard". Gloucester Docks and the Sharpness Canal. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  14. ↑ Watkins, Jack (18 October 2008). "Purton Hulks — maritime history sunk by neglect". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  15. ↑ Head, Viv (2017). Sailing Ships of the Bristol Channel. Amberley. pp. 75–77. ISBN   978-1445664002.
  16. ↑ "The Friends of Purton". Archived from the original on 11 November 2011.
  17. ↑ "Purton 'Ship Graveyard' on the River Severn". Nautical Archaeology Society. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  18. ↑ "The incredible hulks of Purton". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  19. ↑ "Ship graveyard gives up secrets". BBC. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  20. ↑ "Purton Hulks taken over by British Waterways". BBC News. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  21. ↑ "Purton Hulks group meets culture minister to seek help". BBC. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  22. 1 2 "A Kennet built-barge known as HARRIETT, 500m north-west of Kingshill Farm". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  23. 1 2 "Harriett". National Historic Ships UK. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  24. ↑ "Purton Hulks, Severn Estuary". South Worcestershire Archaeological Group. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  25. ↑ "Purton Hulks". Hansard. 8 December 2009. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  26. ↑ Macintosh (1840). Repertory of patent inventions and other discoveries and improvements in arts, manufactures and agriculture. Vol. 13. pp. 210–212. Specification of a patent granted to Jonathan Fell, of Workington, in the county of Cumberland, Ship Builder, for Improvements in Building Ships and Other Vessels – sealed August 5, 1839
  27. ↑ Stammers, Michael K. (2001). "Iron knees in wooden vessels-an attempt at a typology" (PDF). The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 30 (1): 119–120. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2001.tb01361.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2016.
  28. 1 2 Barefoot, Barnett & McNeil 2009, pp. 36–37.
  29. 1 2 "Dispatch/New Dispatch". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  30. ↑ "The Vessels". Friends of Purton. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  31. ↑ "Abbey". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  32. ↑ Barefoot, Barnett & McNeil 2009, p. 31.
  33. ↑ "Ada". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  34. ↑ Mote (1986), p. 18.
  35. ↑ "Alaska". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  36. ↑ "Arkendale H". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  37. ↑ "Barge Abbey". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  38. ↑ "Barnwood". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  39. ↑ "Barry". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  40. ↑ "Britannia". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  41. ↑ "Birdlip". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  42. ↑ "Briton Ferry". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  43. ↑ "Brockworth". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  44. ↑ "Cam". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  45. ↑ "Catherine Ellen". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  46. ↑ "Dursley". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  47. ↑ "Edith" (PDF). Nautical Archaeology Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  48. ↑ Burton, Anthony. "Edith". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  49. ↑ Mote (1986), p. 33.
  50. ↑ "FCB 51". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  51. 1 2 "FCB52". National Historic Ships UK. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  52. ↑ "FCB 52". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  53. ↑ "FCB67". National Historic Ships UK. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  54. ↑ "FCB 67". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  55. ↑ "FCB68". National Historic Ships UK. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  56. ↑ "FCB 68". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  57. ↑ "FCB75". National Historic Ships UK. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  58. ↑ "FCB 75". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  59. ↑ "FCB76". National Historic Ships UK. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  60. ↑ "FCB 76". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  61. ↑ "FCB77". National Historic Ships UK. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  62. ↑ "FCB 77". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  63. ↑ "FCB78". National Historic Ships UK. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  64. ↑ "FCB 78". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  65. ↑ "Guide/Shamrock". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  66. ↑ "Higre". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  67. ↑ Mote (1986), p. 46.
  68. ↑ "Island Maid/Orby". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  69. ↑ Mote (1986), p. 50.
  70. ↑ Mote (1986), p. 53.
  71. ↑ "Lighter No.6". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  72. ↑ "Lighter No.9". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  73. ↑ "Lighter No.20". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  74. ↑ "Lighter No.23". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  75. ↑ "Lighter No.32". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  76. ↑ Mote (1986), p. 59.
  77. ↑ "Matson". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  78. ↑ Mote (1986), p. 62.
  79. ↑ "Newark". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  80. ↑ "Rockby". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
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  82. ↑ "Sandhurst". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  83. ↑ Mote (1986), p. 71.
  84. ↑ "Severn Collier". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
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  87. ↑ "Severn Falcon". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  88. ↑ "Severn Hawk". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  89. ↑ "Severn King". Friends of Purton. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  90. ↑ Jordan (1977), pp. 92–93, 95–96.
  91. ↑ Huxley (1984), pp. 144–148.
  92. ↑ "Tuffley". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  93. ↑ "Wastedale H". Friends of Purton. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.

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