Pyrenula hibernica

Last updated

Pyrenula hibernica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Pyrenulales
Family: Pyrenulaceae
Genus: Pyrenula
Species:
P. hibernica
Binomial name
Pyrenula hibernica
(Nyl.) Aptroot (2003) [1]
Synonyms

Parmentaria chilensis [2]
Parmentaria chilensis auct. europ. [3]
Pyrenula chilensis [2]

Contents

Pyrenula hibernica (also called oil-stain parmentaria) [4] [note 1] is a species of lichen found on the British Isles, in the western Pyrenees, and on the Azores and Madagascar. [2] [6] It has a yellow to dark olive green thallus with black perithecia which can become visible in older specimens, [7] giving rise to the British common name blackberries in custard. [8] [note 2]

Description

Pyrenula hibernica is a crustose lichen, growing tight to the bark which it lives on and causing it to split as the tree grows. [9] The thallus of the lichen varies in colour from olive green to yellow-buff; it does not react to the C, K, KC or PD spot tests, but does react to UV exposure, turning pale yellow. [10]

The lichen's perithecia are black, 1–1.2 millimetres (0.039–0.047 in) in diameter, and situated 1–1.5 millimetres (0.039–0.059 in) below the lichen's surface. [7] In some specimens, only the ostiole is visible from the surface but sometimes may be clearly visible if the thallus is more translucent. [7]

The species was originally described as Parmentaria chilensis, which had also been recorded in Colombia and Chile. However, in 2003, a paper by Javiar Etayo and André Aptroot proposed that this should be re-evaluated, with the European and Macaronesian specimens having the name Pyrenula hibernica. They found that the hibernica specimens were different from the type species since they have ascomata (fruiting bodies) which are almost always in groups of two to six with a shared ostiole and smaller ascospores, whereas the Pyrenula chilensis specimens had singular ascoma with their own ostioles and larger ascospores. [1]

Habitat

Pyrenula hibernica grows on the smooth bark of Corylus (hazel), Ilex (holly), and Sorbus trees in sheltered, moist ravines, [10] as well as more open slopes, especially in Ireland. [7] The species is strongly associated with Atlantic hazelwood. [11] It is restricted to temperate rainforest environments. [12]

Distribution

Pyrenula hibernica is a vulnerable species in the IUCN Red List categories, based on criteria D2 (having "a very restricted area of occupancy ... or number of locations"). [13]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, it is a protected species under Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, section 2(4) of the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004 and section 42 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006, as well as being designated a Nationally Rare species and a Biodiversity Action Plan priority. [13]

Scotland

Pyrenula hibernica is present at five sites in western Scotland including at Westerness, Loch Sunart and Mull. [7] [10]

Wales

The species was first discovered in Wales in 2005 by Neil Sanderson in the Ceunant Llennyrch National Nature Reserve. [2] It was recorded on 14 undisturbed hazel bushes within the Ceunant Llennyrch gorge. [3] It was initially recorded as sterile Pyrenula macrospora because all the characteristic perithecia 'fruit' were fully immersed in the thalli and not visible from the surface; this was corrected after a sample was taken, revealing the fruit. [3] The perithecia are often not visible from the surface in Welsh specimens. [2] In 2016, the lichen was reported on 23 hazel bushes at Ceunant Llennyrch which, as of November 2022, is the only population in Wales. [14]

England

The species has been recorded in hazel woods in Borrowdale, Cumbria. [7]

Madagascar

In 2016, Pyrenula hibernica was recorded in Madagascar, marking the species' first recorded specimen from Africa. [6]

Notes

  1. ↑ The common name 'oil-stain parmentaria' links to the species' former name Parmentaria chilensis [5]
  2. ↑ The name is also rendered as blackberries-in-custard and blackberries and custard. [2] [9]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceunant Llennyrch National Nature Reserve</span> Woodland reserve in Gwynedd, Wales

Ceunant Llennyrch National Nature Reserve is one of several woodland reserves in the Vale of Ffestiniog in Gwynedd, Wales and runs from Llyn Trawsfynydd to the River Dwyryd, near the village of Maentwrog.

Pyrenula luteopruinosa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. It has a neotropical distribution, occurring in Panama, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii.

Astrothelium guianense is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Guyana, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected Harrie Sipman and the author from the Pacaraima Mountains, where it was found in a rainforest growing on smooth tree bark. The lichen has a discontinuous, olive-green thallus with a cortex but lacking a prothallus, which covers areas of up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in diameter. The presence of the lichen induces the formation of galls in its host, which tends to split and deform under the thallus. No lichen products were detected in the collected specimens using thin-layer chromatography. The main characteristics of the lichen distinguishing it from others in Astrothelium are its gall-like thallus that has a bullate or folded texture; its solitary ascomata, which are immersed in the thallus and have only an area around the ostiole that is visible; and ascospores that lack a thick median septum.

Astrothelium inspersogalbineum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Singapore, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Gothamie Weerakoon. The type specimen was collected by the second author in a rainforest, where it was found growing on smooth bark. The lichen has a smooth and somewhat shiny, pale greenish-grey thallus with a cortex and a thin black prothallus line. It covers areas of up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter, and does not induce gall formation in its host plant. A yellow to orange anthraquinone was the only lichen product detected in the collected specimens using thin-layer chromatography. A. inspersogalbineum also contains the compound lichexanthone, which causes the thallus to fluoresce yellow when lit with a long-wavelength UV light. The main characteristics of the lichen distinguishing it from others in Astrothelium are its inspersedhamathecium; its ascospores, with dimensions of 20–25 by 9–11 μm; and the grouping of its ascomata, which can fuse together to become irregularly confluent.

Astrothelium lucidomedullatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Ecuador, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by Harrie Sipman from the Reserva Biológica San Francisco at an altitude of 2,025 m (6,644 ft); there, it was found in a rainforest growing on smooth bark. The lichen has a quite smooth and shiny, pale ochraceous-green thallus with a cortex but lacking a prothallus, covering areas of up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The medulla contains lichexanthone, a lichen product that causes its tissue to fluoresce when lit with a long-wavelength UV light. The main characteristics of the lichen distinguishing it from others in Astrothelium are its ascospores, which number four per ascus and have dimensions of 80–115 by 25–35 μm; the presence of lichexanthone in the medulla; and the structure of the immersed ascomata, which have separate ostioles and are covered by the thallus.

Astrothelium sanguineoxanthum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected in 1894 by Swedish botanist Gustaf Oskar Andersson Malme in Santa Anna da Chapada ; there, it was found in a rainforest growing on smooth tree bark. The lichen has a smooth, green to greyish thallus with whitish pseudostromata that range in shape from rounded to irregular to elongated. The thallus contains the lichen products isohypocrellin and lichexanthone; the latter substance causes the thallus and pseudostroma to fluoresce yellow when lit with a long-wavelength UV light, while the pigment isohypocrellin causes a K+ (green) chemical spot test reaction. The combination of characteristics of the lichen that distinguish it from others in Astrothelium are its ascospores, which turn violet in iodine potassium iodide (IKI) stain; and the arrangement and form of its ascomata, which are solitary to irregularly confluent, erumpent to prominent, and are whitish around the ostioles.

Astrothelium nigrum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is characterized by its conical black pseudostromata, which contrast sharply with the thallus. This lichen species has been found only in Brazil and is unique in its appearance, superficially resembling a Pyrenula species.

Pyrenula multicolorata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae, first described in 2016. It is distinguished by its almost superficial ascomata with a hamathecium inspersed with orange crystals, and ascospores that contain three internal partitions (septa).

Astrothelium curvatum is a species of corticolous lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was described as a new species in 2016. It is characterised by its immersed pyriform ascomata with lateral ostioles and bent, muriform ascospores.

Pyrenula abditicarpa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. Found in Brazil, it is characterised by ascomata that are deeply immersed in the bark beneath the thallus, with distoseptate muriform ascospores measuring 50–55 μm by 23–25 μm. The species was first identified from a specimen collected in the Serra de Itabaiana National Park, Sergipe, Brazil, at an elevation of approximately 250 m (820 ft).

Pyrenula albonigra is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. Found in Brazil, this species is notable for its pale grey, somewhat glossy thallus that also covers the ascomata, except for a prominent black opening (ostiole). The ascospores are 3-septate, meaning they are divided into four sections, and measure 17–20 μm by 7–9 μm.

Pyrenula aurantiacorubra is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. Found in Brazil, this species is characterised by its distinctive orange-red thallus. Its ascospores are muriform, meaning they have multiple chambers, and are 3 by 1–2-septate, measuring 9–18 μm by 5–10 μm.

Pyrenula celaticarpa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. Found in Brazil, this species is notable for its deeply immersed ascomata with distinctive red ostioles (openings). The ascospores are 3-septate, meaning they are divided into four sections, and measure 21–24 μm by 10–11 μm.

Pyrenula cinnabarina is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. Found in Brazil, this species is notable for its dark carmine-red thallus and its known as ascomata, which are grouped in clusters of 5–30. The ascospores, which are the spores produced within the asci, are 3-septate, meaning they are divided into four sections, and measure 12–15 μm by 6–7 μm.

Pyrenula inspersicollaris is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. It is similar to the pantropical species Pyrenula septicollaris but can be distinguished by its inspersed hamathecium. The ascospores are 3-septate, meaning they are divided into four sections, and measure 17–20 μm by 5.5–6.5 μm.

Pyrenula musaespora is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. Found in Brazil, this species is characterised by its pale ochraceous thallus and its filiform (thread-like) ascospores, which are 3–5-septate, meaning they are divided into several sections. The ascospores measure 30–37 μm by 3–4 μm.

Pyrenula rubrolateralis is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. Found in Brazil, this species is distinguished by its eccentric red ostioles. Its ascospores are 3-septate, meaning they are divided into four sections, and measure 20–24 μm by 8–10 μm.

Pyrenula fusoluminata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae, described as a new species in 2002. Found in the forests of Minas Gerais, Brazil, this species is distinguished by its unique spindle-shaped ascospores, which are more than four times as long than they are wide.

Pyrenula quartzitica is a species of crustose lichen belonging to the family Pyrenulaceae, described as a new species in 2002. Found in southeast Brazil, it is saxicolous, primarily growing on quartzitic and sandstone rock surfaces in forested areas.

References

  1. 1 2 Javiar Etayo; André Aptroot (2003). "Pyrenula luteopruinosa sp. nov. from Panama and notes on other members of the genus". Lichenologist . 35 (3): 233–236. doi:10.1016/S0024-2829(03)00021-5.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Pyrenula hibernica". Lichens of Wales. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 Neil Sanderson (Spring 2006). "Pyrenula hibernica at Ceunant Llennyrch, Meirionnydd" (PDF). British Lichen Society Bulletin. 98: 23–27. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  4. ↑ "Pyrenula hibernica (Nyl.) Aptroot Oil-Stain Parmentaria". NBN Atlas . Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  5. ↑ "Schedule 8, Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981". Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  6. 1 2 André Aptroot (2016). "Preliminary checklist of the lichens of Madagascar, with two new thelotremoid Graphidaceae and 131 new records". Willdenowia . 46: 349–365. doi:10.3372/wi.46.46304.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Pyrenula hibernica". British Lichen Society . Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  8. ↑ Steven Morris (26 November 2024). "Welsh government urged to safeguard Celtic rainforests". The Guardian . Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  9. 1 2 "Temperate rainforest". Woodland Trust . Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  10. 1 2 3 "Pyrenula hibernica - Descriptions". Fungi of Great Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  11. ↑ David Genney (2015). "The Scottish Beaver Trial: Lichen impact assessment 2010-2014, final report" (PDF). Scottish Natural Heritage . Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  12. ↑ "The state of Scotland's rainforest" (PDF). Woodland Trust . April 2019. p. 4. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  13. 1 2 R.G. Woods; B.J. Coppins (2012). "A Conservation Evaluation of British Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi" (PDF). Species Status. 13. Joint Nature Conservation Committee. ISSN   1473-0154 . Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  14. ↑ Sam Bosanquet (September 2022). "A review of non-vascular plant and fungal SSSI features in Wales - Lichens" (PDF). Natural Resources Wales . pp. 69–70. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.