Pyromorphite

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Pyromorphite
Pyromorphite - Santa Eufemia, Cordoba, Spain.jpg
General
Category Phosphate mineral
Apatite group
Formula
(repeating unit)		Pb5(PO4)3Cl
IMA symbol Pym [1]
Strunz classification 8.BN.05
Crystal system Hexagonal
Crystal class Dipyramidal (6/m)

(same H-M symbol)
Space group P63/m
Identification
ColorDark green to grass-green or green, yellow, yellow-orange, reddish orange, yellow-brown, greenish-yellow or yellowish-green, shades of brown, tan, grayish, white and may be colorless; colourless or faintly tinted in transmitted light.
Crystal habit Prismatic to acicular crystals, globular to reniform
Twinning Rarely on {1122}
Cleavage Imperfect- [1011]
Fracture Uneven to sub-conchoidal
Tenacity Brittle
Mohs scale hardness3.5–4
Luster Resinous to subadamantine
Streak White
Diaphaneity Transparent to translucent
Specific gravity 7.04 measured, 7.14 calculated
Optical propertiesUniaxial (−) May be anomalously biaxial (−)
Refractive index nω = 2.058 nε = 2.048
Birefringence δ = 0.010
Pleochroism Weak
Ultraviolet fluorescence May fluoresce yellow to orange under LW and SW UV
Other characteristicsPiezoelectric if biaxial
References [2] [3] [4]

Pyromorphite is a mineral species composed of lead chlorophosphate: Pb 5(P O 4)3 Cl, sometimes occurring in sufficient abundance to be mined as an ore of lead. [5] Crystals are common, and have the form of a hexagonal prism terminated by the basal planes, sometimes combined with narrow faces of a hexagonal pyramid. [6] Crystals with a barrel-like curvature are not uncommon. Globular and reniform masses are also found. [7] Pyromorphite is part of the apatite group of minerals and bears a close resemblance physically and chemically with two other minerals: mimetite (Pb5(AsO4)3Cl) and vanadinite (Pb5(VO4)3Cl). [8] The resemblance in external characters is so close that, as a rule, it is only possible to distinguish between them by chemical tests. They were formerly confused under the names green lead ore and brown lead ore (German: Grünbleierz and Braunbleierz).[ citation needed ]

Contents

The phosphate was first distinguished chemically by M. H. Klaproth in 1784, [9] [10] [11] [12] and it was named pyromorphite by J. F. L. Hausmann in 1813. [13] [14] The name is derived from the Greek for pyr (fire) and morfe (form) due to its crystallization behavior after being melted. [3]

Paecilomyces javanicus is a mold collected from a lead-polluted soil that is able to form biominerals of pyromorphite. [15]

Properties and isomorphism

The color of the mineral is usually some bright shade of green, yellow or brown, and the luster is resinous. The hardness is 3.5 to 4, and the specific gravity between 6.5 and 7.1. [7] Owing to isomorphous replacement of the phosphorus by arsenic there may be a gradual passage from pyromorphite to mimetite. Varieties containing calcium isomorphously replacing lead are lower in density (specific gravity 5.9–6.5) and usually lighter in color; they bear the names polysphaerite (because of the globular form), miesite from Stříbro (pronounced Mies in German) in Bohemia, nussierite from Nuizière, Chénelette, near Beaujeu, Rhône, France, and cherokine from Cherokee County in Georgia.[ citation needed ]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.43 . S2CID   235729616.
  2. ↑ Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF).
  3. 1 2 "Pyromorphite". Webmineral data.
  4. ↑ "Pyromorphite". Mindat.org.
  5. ↑ Cornelius S. Hurlbut; W. Edwin Sharp (1998). Dana's Minerals and How to Study Them (After Edward Salisbury Dana). John Wiley & Sons. p. 216. ISBN   978-0-471-15677-2.
  6. ↑ Cornelis Klein; Barbara Dutrow (2007). Manual of Mineral Science. Wiley. p. 430. ISBN   978-0-471-72157-4.
  7. 1 2 A. Bishop; A. Woolley; W. Hamilton (1999). Cambridge Guide to Minerals, Rocks and Fossils. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN   978-0-521-77881-7.
  8. ↑ Nicholas Eastaugh; Valentine Walsh; Tracey Chaplin; Ruth Siddall (2008). Pigment Compendium. Routledge. p. 320. ISBN   978-1-136-37392-3.
  9. ↑ Klaproth (1784). Von dem Wassereisen, als einem mit Phosphorsäure verbundenen Eisenkalke (in German). On hydrosiderum [i.e., iron phosphide, Fe2P] as a calcined [i.e., roasted] iron [that is] bonded with phosphoric acid), Chemische Annalen für die Freunde der Naturlehre …, 1 (5) : 390–399. From p. 394: After remarking that lead ores that contain phosphorus can be treated with strong acids to produce phosphoric acid, Klaproth notes that: " … wie solches zuerst Hr. Gahn in Schweden entdeckt, ich selbst aber bey Unersuchung des krystallisirten grünen Bleyerzes von der heil. Dreyfaltigkeit zu Zschopau bestätigt gefunden habe." ( … as such Mr. Gahn in Sweden first discovered, I myself, however, have found [to be] confirmed by investigation of the crystallized green lead ore [i.e., pyromorphite] from the Holy Trinity at Zschopau in Germany]
  10. ↑ Details of Klaproth's chemical analysis of pyromorphite appear in: Klaproth (1785) "Ueber die Phosphorsäure im Zschopauer grünen Bleyspathe" (On phosphoric acid in green lead spar from Zschopau), Beyträge zu den chemischen Annalen, 1 (1) : 13–21.
  11. ↑ LXXXVII. Chemische Untersuchung der phosphorsauren Bleierze: I. Zeisiggrünes Bleierz von Zschopau. (87. Chemical investigation of the lead ores [containing] phosphoric acid: I. Siskin-green lead ore from Zschopau) in: Klaproth, Martin Heinrich, Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntnis der Mineralkörper[Contributions to our chemical knowledge of minerals]. Vol. 3. Posen, (Germany): Decker und Co.; Berlin, Germany: Heinrich August Rottmann. 1802. pp. 146–153.
  12. ↑ Dr. Thomas Witzke. "Entdeckung von Pyromorphit (Discovery of pyromorphite)" (in German).
  13. ↑ Hausmann, Johann Friedrich Ludwig (1813). Handbuch der Mineralogie. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. pp. 1090–1093.
  14. ↑ Chester, Albert Huntington (1896). A Dictionary of the Names of Minerals Including Their History and Etymology. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 224.
  15. ↑ Rhee, Young Joon; Hillier, Stephen; Pendlowskic, Helen; Gadd, Geoffrey Michael (October 2014). "Fungal transformation of metallic lead to pyromorphite in liquid medium" . Chemosphere . 113: 17–21. Bibcode:2014Chmsp.113...17R. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.085. PMID   25065784 . Retrieved 2024-11-12.
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