Quan Yi

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Quan Yi (fl. 4th century), courtesy name Ziliang, was a minister of Former Qin and Later Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Quan Yi was one of the followers of the Qiang general, Yao Xiang, who surrendered from Later Zhao to the Jin dynasty. After Yao Xiang was killed in 357, Quan Yi followed Xiang's brother, Yao Chang and surrendered to Former Qin, where he served for 28 years. Following the disastrous Battle of Fei River in 383, Quan Yi attempted to stop Murong Chui from marching to north, but was outmaneuvered. As Western Yan troops encircled the capital Chang'an, Quan Yi fled to Yao Chang, now ruler of Later Qin, who he served until his death.

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Quan Yi was also supposedly the ancestor of the Tang dynasty chancellor, Quan Deyu.

Service under Yao Xiang

In 352, the ruling Shi family of Later Zhao was destroyed by Ran Min. The Zhao general, Yao Yizhong, gave orders to his sons to flee south and serve the Jin dynasty as he grew deathly ill. After his death, his son Yao Xiang succeeded him and went south. Yao Xiang's party stopped along the way at Que'ao Crossing (碻磝, in present-day Chiping District, Shandong) for Yao Xiang to hand out appointments to his followers. Quan Yi, a native of Lueyang County, was given the responsibility of being Yao Xiang's Army Advisor together with Xue Zan (薛贊). Although the group was intercepted by Former Qin forces along the way, Yao Xiang managed to reach Jin territory and submit to the court. The court made Yao Xiang a general and assigned him to Qiao (譙; present-day Bozhou, Anhui). [1]

Service under the Jin dynasty

However, Yao Xiang did not get along with Jin's leading commander, Yin Hao. In 353, Yin Hao was concern with Yao Xiang's autonomy and wanted to kill him. In his second assassination attempt, Yin Hao's general Wei Jing (魏憬) led an ill-fated ambush against Yao Xiang and was killed. After his death, Wei Jing's family continuously visited Yao Xiang and Yin Hao's base in Shouchun, causing much worry for Yao Xiang. Yao Xiang sent Quan Yi to talk to Yin Hao regarding the recent turn of events. [2]

During their meeting, Yin Hao said to Quan Yi, "General Yao and I are both servants of His Highness. We share both joys and sorrows. However, General Yao is often arbitrary, which is not what I am hoping for from him." Quan Yi replied, "Yao Xiang is an unmatched hero with tens of thousands under his wing. The reason he obeys the House of Jin is that he had heard of the court's virtue and its many wise ministers. Yet you, General, easily believe in slanders and estrange yourself from General Yao. I believe the root of suspicion lies in you." Yin Hao said, "General Yao is unruly in nature, sparing and punishing as he pleases. Furthermore, he had allowed one of his underling to steal my horse. Is this how a servant of the throne acts?" Quan Yi said, "General Yao serves the imperial dynasty, how could he possibly harm the innocent? But the treacherous have no place under the law, so what pity is there in killing them?" Yin Hao continued, "Then why steal my horse?" Quan Yi responded, “General, you had said that the General Yao is a powerful man, too difficult to control, and that you plan to subdue him one day. That was why he took your horse, in order to defend himself." Yin Hao laughed and said, "Now how could that be?" [3]

Shortly after the talk, another northern expedition was held, but during the expedition, Yao Xiang rebelled and ambushed Yin Hao's army. Quan Yi followed Yao Xiang throughout his time roving the Central Plains until Xiang was killed by Former Qin forces in 357. Quan Yi joined Xiang's brother, Yao Chang in surrendering to Qin and serving their new state. [4]

Service under Former Qin

After he joined the state, Quan Yi found himself favouring Fu Jian, the cousin of the Qin emperor, Fu Sheng. However, Quan Yi and Xue Zan took notice of Fu Sheng's tyrannical behaviours and wanted Fu Jian to replace him. They told him, "Our Lord is distrusting and cruel, those within and beyond are appalled by him. Qin deserves a better ruler, and who else better than Your Highness?" After consulting Lü Polou (呂婆樓), Fu Jian agreed. Fu Jian then recruited the hermit Wang Meng, and, when the time was ripe, led his troops against Fu Sheng to depose him. [5]

After Fu Jian ascended the throne, Quan Yi was appointed Assistant Gentleman of the Yellow Gates. He and Xue Zan worked together with Wang Meng, handling confidential affairs in the government. [6] During a visit to Longmen Five Shrines (龍門五畤) to carry out sacrifices, Fu Jian began to admire the scenery, and told his ministers, "These mountains and rivers are beautiful. Yet, at the same time, they are impenetrable." Quan Yi replied, "Wu Qi once said that there is no danger in virtue, and I sincerely hope that Your Majesty will follow the examples of Yao and Shun in cherishing it. The strength of these mountains and rivers alone are not enough." Fu Jian was pleased by his input. [7]

For the next few years, Quan Yi rose to the position of Supervisor of the Masters of Writing. In 370, he was appointed Deputy Director of the Right of the Masters of Writing. [8]

That same year, Former Qin conquered its rival state, Former Yan. Shortly after Yan's demise, Quan Yi met with the ten-year-old Murong Feng (慕容鳳), son of the Yan general Murong Huan (慕容桓). After the Yan emperor, Murong Wei, surrendered, Huan continued fighting but was killed in the end. Quan Yi advised him, "Child, you display promising talents. Do not follow your father, who chose to be ignorant of his destiny." Murong Feng scolded him, "My late father merely acted out of loyalty. He performed dutifully as every minister should even if he had failed. If the people believed in what you said, then how can we expect the future to follow the way of righteousness?" Quan Yi quickly apologized to him and later informed the incident to Fu Jian. He said, "Murong Feng is a talented fellow, but a wolf-like child has an evil heart. I fear he will be of no use in the end." [9]

Intercepting Murong Chui

For the next decade, Fu Jian continued his conquest of China, eventually leaving the Jin dynasty as the last remaining state in China to oppose the Qin expansion. Fu Jian wanted to conquer the southlands and complete his unification, but this was met with heavy opposition from some prominent officials including Quan Yi, Fu Rong, Dao'an and Shi Yue in 382. Quan Yi argued that although Jin was weak, the alliance of Huan Chong and Xie An was strong, and their officials were still loyal to their dynasty. Quan Yi also submitted a petition to remonstrate Fu Jian, but his suggestions fell on deaf ears. [10]

Fu Jian's string of success came to an end with a terrible defeat at the Battle of Feishui in 383. Although Fu Jian managed to return to the north, the effects of the battle were beginning to show, as the Murong clan began making their moves to break away from Qin. Murong Chui was persuaded by his son, Murong Nong to revive their fallen state of Yan in Liaodong. Chui agreed, and at Mianchi, he tricked Fu Jian into letting him move to the northern borders, supposedly to secure the area from revolts. Quan Yi saw through his ruse, and quickly told Fu Jian to recall him back to the capital. However, Fu Jian was confident in Murong Chui's loyalty and refused to do so. [11]

Despite Fu Jian's rejection, Quan Yi was determined to stop Murong Chui from reaching the north. Quan Yi, without Fu Jian's knowledge, sent warriors to intercept Murong Chui at the bridge across the Yellow River south of Kongcang (空倉). Murong Chui suspected something was off, so instead of taking the bridge, he created rafts in order for he and his men to cross the river. Meanwhile, he had one of his officers, Cheng Tong (程同) to wear his clothes and ride his horse while leading his boy attendants to use the bridge. Quan Yi's men ambushed Cheng Tong, but he managed to escape, and so did Murong Chui. [12]

Fall of Chang'an

In 384, Former Qin began to fall apart. Murong Chui broke away and formed Later Yan, while his nephew Murong Hong created Western Yan. Yao Chang would also later declare independence and form Later Qin that year. Fu Jian regretted not following Quan Yi's advice and asked him what their next move should be. Quan Yi told him, "The enemies would not last for long. Murong Chui is preoccupied in securing the east of the mountains, and will not pose a threat. Our primary concern should be within the capital region, where the Xianbei clans densely reside. You should deal with this immediately." Fu Jian agreed and handed out new appointments to his loyalists. [13]

In 385, Western Yan forces were close to conquer Qin's capital of Chang'an. Fu Jian had fled the city, promising to return with an army to save it. However, Fu Jian never returned, as he was captured by Later Qin forces and later executed. Meanwhile, Western Yan forces eventually overwhelmed the defenses, prompting Fu Jian's son, Fu Hong (苻宏) to abandon the capital. Quan Yi also fled the city with many others including Xue Zan, Huangfu Fu (皇甫覆), Zhao Qian (趙遷) and Duan Keng (段鏗) over to Later Qin. [14]

Service under Later Qin

Quan Yi was once a subordinate of Yao Chang and his brother, which was why he decided to go over to his state. Yao Chang accepted Quan Yi's surrender and even allowed him to serve in his government. His only known position during his stint in Later Qin was the Minister of Ceremonies. He remained with the state for the rest of his life, but it is not exactly known when he died.

Yao Chang was straightforward and harsh with his criticism, not afraid to insult and humiliate anyone he saw wrong in front of everybody. One day, Quan Yi admonished him to tone down his character. He said to the emperor, "Your Majesty holds a self-ordained position. You should not entertain this sort of triviality. To attract the heroes, he cast his net to the talented, and appreciated the good while forgiving the bad. These were the qualities of Han Gaozu. It is not too late to change your ways." However, Yao Chang replied, "This is simply my nature. Not a single part of me resembles Emperor Shun, and I have quite a few of Han Gaozu's flaw. But if the people do not hear my words, how else would they know of their wrongdoings?" [15]

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Zhang Ping (Sixteen Kingdoms) Sixteen Kingdoms warlord

Zhang Ping was a warlord during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was initially the Inspector of Bingzhou of Later Zhao who later gained autonomy over the province following the decline of the state at the start of the 350s. He wavered his loyalty between Former Qin, Former Yan and the Jin dynasty (266–420) until he was able to muster the strength to briefly compete with Qin and Yan as a rival state in 357. That year, he went to war with Fu Jiān of Qin but was decisively defeated and forced back into submission. Shortly after his defeat, Zhang surrendered to Yan. In 361, Zhang Ping rebelled against Yan over a territory dispute but was killed by invading Qin forces in the process.

References

  1. ↑ (弋仲死，襄秘不發喪，率戶六萬南攻陽平、元城、發幹，皆破之，殺掠三千餘家，屯於碻磝津。以太原王亮為長史，天水尹赤為司馬，略陽伏子成為左部帥，南安斂岐為右部帥，略陽黑那為前部帥，強白為後部帥，太原薛贊、略陽王權翼為參軍。南至滎陽，始發喪行服。) Book of Jin, Volume 116
  2. ↑ (魏憬子弟數往來壽春，襄益疑懼，遣參軍權翼使於浩。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 99
  3. ↑ (襄遣權翼詣浩，浩曰：「姚平北每舉動自由，豈所望也。」翼曰：「將軍輕納奸言，自生疑貳，愚謂猜嫌之由，不在於彼。」浩曰：「姚君縱放小人，盜竊吾馬，王臣之體固若是乎？」翼曰：「將軍謂姚平北以威武自強，終為難保，校兵練眾，將懲不恪，取馬者欲以自衛耳。」浩曰：「何至是也。」) Book of Jin, Volume 116
  4. ↑ (襄後為苻眉所殺... 襄之敗也，萇率子弟降於苻堅。) Book of Northern Wei, Volume 95
  5. ↑ (東海王堅，素有時譽，與故姚襄參軍薛贊、權翼善。贊、翼密說堅曰：「主上猜忍暴虐，中外離心，方今宜主秦祀者，非殿下而誰！願早為計，勿使它姓得之！」堅以問尚書呂婆樓，婆樓曰：「僕，刀鐶上人耳，不足以辦大事。僕裡捨有王猛者，其人謀略不世出，殿下宜請而咨之。」) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 100
  6. ↑ (秦王堅以權翼為給事黃門侍郎，薛贊為中書侍郎，與王猛並掌機密。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 100
  7. ↑ (二年四月，堅如龍門五畤。六月，如河東，祀后土。八月，自臨晉登龍門，顧謂羣臣曰：「美哉，山河之固。」權翼對曰：「吳起有言，在德不在險，深願陛下追蹤唐虞，懷遠以德。山河之固，不足恃也。」堅大悅，至韓原，觀晉魏顆鬼結草抗秦軍之處，賦詩而歸。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Volume 4
  8. ↑ (三月，秦王堅以吏部尚書權翼為尚書右僕射。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 102
  9. ↑ (慕容桓之子鳳，年十一，陰有復仇之志。鮮卑、丁零有氣干者，皆傾身與之交結。權翼見而謂之曰：「兒方以才望自顯，勿效爾父不識天命！」鳳厲色曰：「先王欲建忠而不遂，此乃人臣之節；君侯之言，豈獎勸將來之義乎！」翼改容謝之，言於秦王堅曰：「慕容鳳忼慨有才器，但狼子野心，恐終不為人用耳。」) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 102
  10. ↑ (尚書左僕射權翼曰：「昔紂為無道，三仁在朝，武王猶為之旋師。今晉雖微弱，未有大惡。謝安、桓沖皆江表偉人，君臣輯睦，內外同心。以臣觀之，未可圖也。」堅嘿然良久，曰：「諸君各言其志。」) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 105
  11. ↑ (堅未及關而垂有二志，說堅請巡撫燕岱，並求拜墓，堅許之。權翼固諫以為不可，堅不從。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Volume 4
  12. ↑ (權翼密遣壯士邀垂於河橋南空倉中，垂疑之，自涼馬台結草筏以渡，使典軍程同衣己衣，乘己馬，與僮僕趣河橋。伏兵發，同馳馬獲免。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 106
  13. ↑ (堅謂權翼曰：「吾不從卿言，鮮卑至是。關東之地，吾不復與之爭，若將泓何？」翼曰：「寇不可長，慕容垂正可據山東為亂，不暇近逼，今暐及宗族種類，盡在京師，鮮卑之衆，布於畿甸，實社稷之憂，宜遣重將討之。」堅乃以廣平公熙鎮蒲阪。苻睿為都督，配兵五萬，姚萇為司馬，討泓于華澤。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Volume 4
  14. ↑ (沖入長安。堅司隸校尉權翼、尚書趙遷、大鴻臚皇甫覆、光祿大夫薛贊、扶風太守段鏗等文武數百人奔於萇。) Book of Jin, Volume 116
  15. ↑ (立社稷于長安。百姓年七十有德行者，拜為中大夫，歲賜牛酒... 貳城胡曹寅、王達獻馬三千匹。以寅為鎮北將軍、并州刺史，達鎮遠將軍、金城太守。萇性簡率，群下有過，或面加罵辱。太常權翼言於萇曰：「陛下弘達自任，不修小節，駕馭群雄，苞羅俊異，棄嫌錄善，有高祖之量。然輕慢之風，所宜除也。」萇曰：「吾之性也。吾於舜之美，未有片焉；漢祖之短，已收其一。若不聞讜言，安知過也！」) Book of Jin, Volume 116
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Quan Yi
權翼
Assistant Gentleman Attendant of the Yellow Gate (給事黃門侍郎)
In office
357 (357)–? (?)