Shi Yue | |
---|---|
石越 | |
Gentleman of the Yellow Gates (黃門侍郎) | |
In office ? –? | |
Monarch | Fu Jian |
General Who Conquers The Caitiffs (征虜將軍) | |
In office 378 –? | |
Monarch | Fu Jian |
Colonel of Camped Cavalry (屯騎校尉) | |
In office 380 –? | |
Monarch | Fu Jian |
Inspector of Pingzhou (平州刺史) | |
In office 380 –? | |
Monarch | Fu Jian |
Crown Prince's Guard Leader of the Left (太子左衛率) | |
In office ? –? | |
Monarch | Fu Jian |
General Who Conquers The Caitiffs (征虜將軍) | |
In office 370 –? | |
Monarch | Fu Jian |
General of Agile Cavalry (驍騎將軍) | |
In office 383 –384 | |
Monarch | Fu Jian |
Personal details | |
Born | Unknown Xingping,Shaanxi |
Died | 384 |
Shi Yue (died 384) was a military general of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Initially starting out as an envoy to Former Yan, he helped the Qin army in capturing Xiangyang and in quelling the rebellion of Fu Jian's cousin, Fu Luo. He was most noted to be one of the main oppositions towards Fu Jian's plan to conquer the Jin dynasty (266–420) in 382, whose failure to win him over led to the disastrous defeat of the Qin army at the Battle of Feishui. After the defeat, he was entrusted the important task of defending Ye, where he urged Fu Pi to get rid of the suspicious Murong Chui but failing to convince his superior once more. Shi was killed in battle against Murong Nong in 384, and his head was used as an offering to Nong's father, Chui.
Nothing much is known about Shi Yue's early life and background apart from being a native of Shiping (始平, in modern Xingping, Shaanxi). He first appeared in 369 but was already a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate by that time. That year, Fu Jian sent Shi to Former Yan to act as an envoy after Yan's triumph over Jin and before their war with Qin. Yan's emperor regent, Murong Ping, treated him lavishly and showed off the state's wealth, but his ministers warned him against it, as they say Shi was only in Yan to observe the state's condition. Ping, however, chose to ignore them. Yan was later conquered by Qin in 370 after a brief and decisive war. [1]
For the next nine years, Shi Yue grew to become General Who Conquers the Caitiffs. In 378, Fu Jian planned a massive siege on Xiangyang and had Shi lead ten thousand cavalries from Luyang (魯陽; present-day Lushan County, Henan). When Qin forces reached the Mian River (沔水), the Inspector of Liangzhou, Zhu Xu, did not think that the Qin forces were a threat as they did not have any boats, so he paid little concern for them. Shi Yue used this to his advantage. He led 5,000 of his cavalries to swim across the Han River and took Xiangyang by surprise. Zhu Xu withdrew into the city defences while Shi Yue secured the outskirts of the city and captured hundreds of boats for the Qin forces to cross over. The siege of Xiangyang lasted for a year before it was eventually captured in 379 after its Protector, Li Bohu (李伯護), allowed the Qin troops to enter and capture Zhu Xu. [2]
In 380, Fu Jian's cousins, Fu Luo and Fu Chong (苻重) were both disgruntled at Fu Jian's treatment of them and staged a rebellion in Youzhou. Fu Jian sent his generals Lü Guang and Dou Chong to quell them, and after defeating them at Zhongshan, the brothers scattered. Luo was sent to Chang'an while Chong was killed in battle. Shi Yue, serving as Colonel of Camped Cavalry, led ten thousand cavalries to cross the Bohai Sea from Donglai and surprise attacked the rebel's base in Helong. Fu Luo's main co-conspirator, Ping Gui (平規), was killed during the assault and the rebellion was put down. [3] On August 380, Fu Jian split Pingzhou (平州, in modern Qinhuangdao, Hebei) off of Youzhou and made Shi Yue its first Inspector.
In 382, Fu Jian intended to conquer the southlands from Jin and unify China once and for all. This was met with strong rebuttal from some of his officials such as Fu Rong, Quan Yi, Dao'an and Shi Yue himself. Shi Yue said to him, "The Year and Guard Star currently sits in the South Dipper, fortune lies in Wu. Your attempt to cut them down now will surely bring disaster. Moreover, there is the danger of the Yangtze River, and its people are likely to use it to their advantage. It is impossible to attack them." However, Fu Jian argued, "In the past, King Wu attacked Zhou and disobeyed divinations. The way of heaven is distant and unknown. Fuchai and Sun Hao both relied on their rivers and lakes yet could not escape demise. My army is so huge that if all my men throw their whips into the Yangtze, its flow will stop, so what danger would there be?" [4]
Shi Yue was not swayed by his reasoning. He further said to Fu Jian, "The three lords you mentioned were all sadistic and unruly. Therefore, their enemies conquered them as easy as picking something off the ground. Although there is no virtue in Jin, their crimes are not punish worthy. May Your Majesty build up your army and wait for the provocation." After lengthy discussions in the court, Fu Jian concluded to carry out his campaign in the end. Fu Jian attacked Jin in 382 but was greatly routed in 383 at the Battle of Feishui. Once he return to the north, Fu Jian assigned his generals to different locations to prevent any form of uprising from occurring. This included Shi Yue, who was given 3,000 elite cavalry to guard Ye. [5]
Rebellions began just as expected, with Qifu Guoren and Zhai Bin being among the first. The Xianbei general, Murong Chui, was sent to attack Zhai Bin but deep down he too had intentions to rebel. Shi Yue warned Fu Jian's son, Fu Pi, against sending any reinforcements to Murong Chui. However, Fu Pi was certain that Murong Chui and Zhai Bin will weaken each other anyway, so he simply sent 2,000 weak soldiers with faulty equipment and 1,000 cavalries led by Fu Feilong (苻飛龍) to assist Murong Chui. Later, an incident occur in Ye where Murong Chui murdered a number of pavilion attendants for not letting him enter the Ancestral Temple of Yan and set the pavilion on fire. Shi Yue urged Fu Pi to use this as justification to kill Chui, but Pi refused, stating Chui's deeds in escorting his father back north after the Battle of Feishui. After withdrawing, Shi Yue lamented and told to the others, "The father and son are bound to these petty acts of benevolence regardless of the bigger picture. We will all be captives at the end of this." [6]
As a result, Chui succeeded in breaking away in 384 and his son, Murong Nong, rose up in support of him. Fu Pi sent Shi Yue to campaign against Murong Nong at Lieren (列人, in modern Feixiang District, Hebei). Despite urges for him to remain in Lieren and defend, Nong chose a more aggressive stance and led his troops to face Shi Yue directly. Shi Yue arrived west of Lieren, where his vanguard was attacked and defeated by Nong's Army Advisor, Qiwu Teng (綦毋滕). Nong then mounted a defence and waited for an opportunity to strike, seeing that Shi had better-equipped soldiers than him. Despite Shi's advantage over Nong, Shi decided to build a barrier and go on the defense, much to Nong's delight. When night came, Nong sent his general Liu Mu (劉木) to break through the barrier as Nong's army followed closely behind. The Qin army was greatly defeated, and Shi Yue was killed. Murong Nong beheaded Shi and sent his head to his father. [7]
Li Nong was a Chinese military general and politician of the Later Zhao and Ran Wei dynasties during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was a notable official under Later Zhao's emperor Shi Hu, fighting against the Jin and Former Yan dynasties. When the conflict between Shi Hu's family and his adopted ethnic Han grandson Shi Min arose in 349, he allied with the latter, and together they brought upon the destruction of Later Zhao, ending what was virtually a 20-year-long unity in northern China. However, just a year after, Li Nong and his family were executed by Ran Min for unspecified reasons.
Yao Yizhong (280–352), posthumously honored as Emperor Jingyuan, was a Qiang military general of the Later Zhao dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Starting out as an independent warlord during the Disaster of Yongjia, Yizhong soon found himself as a general of Later Zhao in 329, where he became a favorite of the state's third ruler, Shi Hu. As Later Zhao began to fall apart in 350, Yao Yizhong sided with Shi Zhi against Ran Min's growing state, becoming Shi Zhi's top commander. However, Yizhong was ultimately unable to prevent the state's destruction following Shi Zhi's assassination in 351. After Yizhong's death in 352, his fifth son Yao Xiang led his family to formally join Jin before becoming a contending warlord in the Central Plains. His twenty-fourth son, Yao Chang, would go on to establish the Later Qin dynasty in 384.
Yao Xiang (331-357), courtesy name Jingguo, posthumously honored Prince Wu of Wei, was an ethnic Qiang warlord during the Sixteen Kingdoms and Jin dynasty in Chinese history. He was the fifth son and heir of the Later Zhao general Yao Yizhong as well as the brother of Later Qin's first emperor, Yao Chang. After the destruction of Later Zhao and the death of Yizhong in 352, Yao Xiang went south to serve under the Jin dynasty. However, due to animosity between him and the Jin commander, Yin Hao, Yao Xiang proclaimed independence and roved the Central Plains to establish his base, fighting against Jin and Former Qin. Although Xiang suffered major losses from time to time, his charismatic personality allowed him to win and keep the support of the people wherever he went. In the end, however, Yao Xiang was killed in an ambush in 357 while fighting Qin forces at Sanyuan.
Deng Qiang was a Chinese military general of the Former Qin dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He came to prominence during the reign of Fu Sheng when he helped defeat and kill the Qiang warlord Yao Xiang, but for most of his career he would serve Sheng's successor, Fu Jian. He was a leading figure in the rise of Former Qin, usually in conjunction with Wang Meng, as he led Fu Jian's army to victory against Zhang Ping and Former Yan, stamping out corruption in the government while putting down the rebellions of Fu Jian's relatives and Zhang Yu (張育). He and his peer Zhang Ci were known as the "Enemies of Ten Thousands (萬人敵)", a title previously held by the generals Guan Yu and Zhang Fei during the end of the Han dynasty.
Zhang Ci, originally named Gong Ci, was a Chinese military general of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the adopted son of the warlord Zhang Ping and fought during his father's war against Former Qin in 358. After he was captured in battle, Zhang Ci served Qin's ruler Fu Jian, participating in his campaigns against Former Yan, Dai and the Jin dynasty until his presumed death in 386 while serving Fu Pi. He and Deng Qiang were known as the "Enemies of Ten Thousands (萬人敵)", a title previously held by the generals Guan Yu and Zhang Fei during the end of the Han dynasty. His name can be rendered as Zhang Hao.
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Zu Yue, courtesy name Shishao, was a Chinese military general and warlord of the Jin dynasty. He was the brother of the famed Jin general Zu Ti who marched north to reclaim lost lands from the barbarians. After Ti's death in 321, Zu Yue succeeded him but was said to have lacked his talents. In 327, dissatisfied with his treatment by the Jin court, he joined forces with Su Jun and took over the capital. However, he was defeated by loyalist forces in 329 and fled to Later Zhao, where he and his family were executed by Shi Le.
Kui An was an Indian military general and minister of Later Zhao during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was one of Shi Le's earliest followers as a member of his Eighteen Riders (十八騎). He later became a partisan of Shi Hu's faction and grew to become a prominent minister in his regime. His most notable accomplishment was thwarting an attempted invasion by the influential Jin dynasty (266–420) general Yu Liang in 339.
Huan Shiqian, childhood name Zhen'e, was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was the nephew of Huan Wen and Huan Chong. Shiqian rose to fame in 354, when he single-handedly saved Huan Chong from being surrounded by Former Qin forces. He later led and followed in campaigns against Qin during the 370s as Fu Jian invaded the south to conquer Jin. Shiqian was remembered by the people of his time for his ferocity and bravery.
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Yang Ding was a ruler of Chouchi and a military general of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. His family was a part of the Yang clan that ruled Chouchi but fled to Former Qin after they failed to usurp their relatives' throne. Yang Ding became the son-in-law of Fu Jian and after the Battle of Feishui and the subsequent revolts that took place, Yang Ding greatly contributed to the state's survival until his death in 394. However, he also held independent power after Fu Pi ascended the throne. Then, Yang Ding took the opportunity to restore Chouchi in 385, returning its existence after it had been conquered by Qin in 371. This began the period of Later Chouchi.
Quan Yi, courtesy name Ziliang, was a minister of Former Qin and Later Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Quan Yi was one of the followers of the Qiang general, Yao Xiang, who surrendered from Later Zhao to the Jin dynasty. After Yao Xiang was killed in 357, Quan Yi followed Xiang's brother, Yao Chang and surrendered to Former Qin, where he served for 28 years. Following the disastrous Battle of Fei River in 383, Quan Yi attempted to stop Murong Chui from marching to north, but was outmaneuvered. As Western Yan troops encircled the capital Chang'an, Quan Yi fled to Yao Chang, now ruler of Later Qin, who he served until his death.
Duan Pidi was a Duan-Xianbei chieftain during the Jin dynasty (266–420) and Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the brother of his tribe's chieftain, Duan Jilujuan, and served as his general against the rival Han Zhao state. Although the Duan tribe and Han eventually made peace, Pidi, on his own accord, took over a revolt against Han in Jicheng and submitted to Jin. Pidi become Jin's Inspector of Youzhou, and by the late 310s, he was one of the state's strongest vassals in the north. However, a civil war between him and his cousin, Duan Mopei, and his execution of the popular Jin general Liu Kun saw his power quickly dwindled, eventually forcing him to flee to another Jin vassal named Shao Xu. Pidi and Shao Xu's forces were defeated by Later Zhao in 321, and though he was treated as a guest during his captivity, Pidi was later executed in fear that he would revolt. His name can be rendered as Duan Pixi.
Zhang Fang was a military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was the powerful general of the Prince of Hejian, Sima Yong during the War of the Eight Princes who helped him in subduing the Prince of Changshan, Sima Ai, and had the imperial family under his control in 304. Though capable, he was most noted for his cruelty, allowing his soldiers to plunder and kill freely and also having them engaged in cannibalism. Zhang was killed by Sima Yong under his order in 306 in a desperate attempt to use his death to settle for peace with the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue.
Zhang Chai was a minister of Later Zhao during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was a close ally to Shi Hu's empress, Empress Liu, who helped her establish themselves as the paramount leaders of Zhao through her son Shi Shi following the death of Shi Hu in 349. The pair attempted to centralize their power and eliminate their rivals, but a popular coup led by Shi Zun saw their reign barely lasting a month as they were removed and subsequently executed. Despite the coup, it would soon be known as the beginning of a bigger power struggle within the Shi family over the throne that led to the destruction of Later Zhao in 351 in the hands of Ran Min.
Muyu Gen was a military general and regent of Former Yan during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was a main contributor to Murong Huang's victory in the defence of Jicheng in 338 and convinced Murong Jun to carry out his conquest of Later Zhao in 349, which led to Yan's control over the Central Plains. A distinguished veteran, he was chosen by Murong Jun to serve as one of Murong Wei's regents in 360. Although Muyu Gen was brave, he was also jealous and stubborn in nature. He attempted to kill his co-regent Murong Ke by sowing discord between Ke and the emperor, but his schemes were uncovered, and he was executed less than a year into his regency.
Yue Wan was a general and politician of Former Yan during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He defended Fancheng from Later Zhao in 339 and helped defeat Ran Min with Yao Xiang and Shi Zhi during the Yan-Wei War in 351. He was mostly known for his reforms in 368, in which he attempted to fix Yan's household registration system that was being abused by the nobility and corrupted officials. Following his conquest of Yan in 370, Former Qin's ruler, Fu Jian, lamented that he was unable to recruit Yue Wan while he was still alive.
Huangfu Zhen, courtesy name Chuji, was a Chinese official of Former Yan during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. One of the few officials to serve four generations of Murong Hui's lineage, Zhen was an outlier of the group, as he was able to live long enough to see Yan's demise to Former Qin in 370. During the reign of Murong Wei, Zhen was a key ally to Murong Ke who warned him about Muyu Gen and aided him in defeating the rebel, Lü Hu. Zhen was also commended for being Yan's last few competent ministers during its final four years of existence as corruption under Murong Ping's regency led the state to its downfall.
Zhang Ping was a warlord during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of China. He was initially the Inspector of Bingzhou under the Later Zhao dynasty who later gained autonomy over the province following the decline of the state at the start of the 350s. He wavered his loyalty between Former Qin, Former Yan and the Eastern Jin dynasties until he was able to muster the strength to briefly compete with the Former Qin and Former Yan as a rival state in 357. That year, he went to war with Fu Jiān but was decisively defeated and forced back into submission. Shortly after his defeat, Zhang surrendered to the Former Yan. In 361, Zhang Ping rebelled against the Former Yan over a territorial dispute but was killed by invading Former Qin forces in the process.