Rebecca Hains

Last updated

Rebecca Hains is an American communication and media studies scholar and author. She is a professor in the Media and Communication Department at Salem State University [1] and is a frequently quoted expert on the subject of children's media culture and marketing, which she studies from a feminist media studies and critical/cultural studies perspective. [2]

Contents

Her books include Growing Up with Girl Power: Girlhood on Screen and in Everyday Life (2012) and The Princess Problem: Guiding Our Girls through the Princess-Obsessed Years (2014), and she has edited three anthologies on children's culture.

Education

Hains earned her B.A. in English from Emmanuel College, Boston, Massachusetts in 1998 and her M.S. in mass communication from Boston University (2000). She holds a Ph.D. in mass media & communication from Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (2007). [1] [3]

Publications

Hains' 2012 book Growing Up with Girl Power: Girlhood on Screen and in Everyday Life [4] presents a critical history of the girl power phenomenon. Combining textual analysis with field work among children and interviews with tween girls, the book considers girls' interpretations of girl power's messages about female empowerment, girlhood, strength, femininity, and race. Hains details strengths and limitations in commercialized girl power's handling of preadolescent body image, gender identity, sexism, and racism. [5] [6] Jessalynn Keller, in her review for Girlhood Studies , concludes that the book "is a necessary read for those interested in girls' studies, feminist media studies, feminist ethnography, and childhood studies". [5]

Her 2014 book The Princess Problem: Guiding Our Girls through the Princess-Obsessed Years [7] critiques princess culture's consumerism and its gender, race, and beauty stereotypes, with special attention to the Disney Princess franchise. [8] The book combines original field research and secondary analysis of scholarly research on media and child development, interpreting these studies for a mainstream audience of parents. It also focuses on helping children develop critical thinking and critical viewing skills. [9] The Princess Problem was the subject of significant media attention, including a double segment on The Meredith Vieira Show . [10] [11] Publishers Weekly's review states that the book dissects "princess marketing, reveals inherent gender stereotypes, [and] adds to the discussion with these practical parenting tips." [12]

Hains has edited, with collaborators, three anthologies on children's culture: Princess Cultures: Mediating Girls’ Imaginations and Identities, [13] Cultural Studies of LEGO: More Than Just Bricks, [14] and The Marketing of Children’s Toys: Critical Perspectives on Children’s Consumer Culture. [15] Emily R. Aguilo-Perez, writing in the American Journal of Play , comments that in Princess Cultures, "Forman-Brunell and Hains have created a rich collection of essays that significantly contribute to the growing literature that examines girls' popular cultures." [16] Hains has also written articles on media culture for publications such as The Washington Post , [17] The Christian Science Monitor , [18] and The Boston Globe . [19]

Media appearances and perspective

Conventional U.S. and international media frequently cite Hains as an academic expert on children's media culture. Her critical perspective on media representation of girls and women, as well as gender stereotypes on screen and in children's toys, have been reported on in major publications, news programs, and radio broadcasts. For example, her analyses of Barbie have been covered by The Washington Post, [20] Fortune , [21] Adweek , [22] The New York Times , [23] the Los Angeles Times [24] and on SiriusXM, [25] while her critiques of Disney Princess and princess culture have been reported on by the BBC, [26] The Christian Science Monitor, [27] Fortune, [28] The Guardian , [29] [30] The Meredith Vieira Show, [10] [11] The New York Times, [31] [32] NPR's On Point , [33] The Wall Street Journal , [34] [35] and CNN. [36]

Media outlets reporting on gender-neutral toys and gendered toy marketing have included her expert commentary, such as CBC Radio's The Current , [37] Fox and Friends , [38] [39] NPR's Morning Edition , [40] Slate , [41] and The Wall Street Journal. [42] Hains spoke extensively about princess culture, girl power, and the history of girls and media in the 2014 ARTE France documentary Pink Attitude: Princesses, Pop Stars and Girl Power. [43] [44] [45]

Academia

Hains is a professor in the Media and Communication Department at Salem State University in Salem, Massachusetts, [1] where she has also served as department chair and a faculty fellow in diversity, equity and inclusion. [2] Among her peer-reviewed journal articles, [46] the most frequently cited is "Power feminism, mediated: Girl power and the commercial politics of change," published in Women's Studies in Communication , [47] which informs scholars' research about feminism and power dynamics in the media. [48] Oxford Bibliographies identifies two of Hains' other articles as significant contributions on advertising and promotion to children, [49] three of her works (including her first two books) as significant contributions on "tweens – childhood studies", [50] and her collection Princess Cultures as a significant contribution to "fairy tales and folk tales – childhood studies". [51]

Hains was invited as a special guest to the White House Council on Women and Girls' Research Conference on Girls in 2014. [1] She sits on the National Advisory Council of Media Literacy Now [52] and the editorial board of the Journal of Children and Media. She was previously a board member of the Brave Girls Alliance, the International Communication Association, and the National Women's Studies Association. [2] Hains received a 2023–2024 Fulbright award to teach at Jagiellonian University in Poland, [53] where she is also "explor[ing] the global impact of American media internationally". [54]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mattel</span> American multinational toy manufacturing and entertainment company

Mattel, Inc. is an American multinational toy manufacturing and entertainment company founded in Los Angeles by Harold Matson and the husband-and-wife duo of Ruth and Elliot Handler in January 1945 and headquartered in El Segundo, California. Mattel has a presence in 35 countries and territories; its products are sold in more than 150 countries. Mattel consists of three business segments: North America, International and American Girl.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toy</span> Entertaining object primarily used by children

A toy or plaything is an object that is used primarily to provide entertainment. Simple examples include toy blocks, board games, and dolls. Toys are often designed for use by children, although many are designed specifically for adults and pets. Toys can provide utilitarian benefits, including physical exercise, cultural awareness, or academic education. Additionally, utilitarian objects, especially those which are no longer needed for their original purpose, can be used as toys. Examples include children building a fort with empty cereal boxes and tissue paper spools, or a toddler playing with a broken TV remote control. The term "toy" can also be used to refer to utilitarian objects purchased for enjoyment rather than need, or for expensive necessities for which a large fraction of the cost represents its ability to provide enjoyment to the owner, such as luxury cars, high-end motorcycles, gaming computers, and flagship smartphones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barbie</span> Fashion doll brand by Mattel

Barbie is a fashion doll created by American businesswoman Ruth Handler, manufactured by American toy and entertainment company Mattel and introduced on March 9, 1959. The toy is the figurehead of an eponymous brand that includes a range of fashion dolls and accessories. Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for over six decades. Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls, making it the company's largest and most profitable line. The brand has expanded into a multimedia franchise since 1984, including video games, computer-animated films, television/web series, and a live-action film.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jodi Benson</span> American actress and singer (born 1961)

Jodi Marie Benson is an American actress and singer. She is best known for providing the voice of Ariel in Disney's 1989 animated film The Little Mermaid and throughout other films, including its sequel, prequel, and television series spin-off, as well as many other Disney works going up to the present day of the 2020s. Benson also filled in for Paige O'Hara as the voice of Belle in House of Mouse and voiced the character Barbie in the second and third films of the Toy Story franchise (1999–2010), and in the Toy Story Toons short Hawaiian Vacation (2011). For her contributions to Disney, Benson was named a Disney Legend in 2011.

Girl power is a slogan that encourages and celebrates women's empowerment, independence, confidence and strength. The slogan's invention is credited to the US punk band Bikini Kill, who published a zine called Bikini Kill #2: Girl Power in 1991. It was then popularized in the mainstream by the British girl group Spice Girls in the mid-1990s. According to Rolling Stone magazine, the Spice Girls' usage of "girl power" was one of the defining cultural touchstones that shaped the Millennial generation.

<i>Life-Size</i> 2000 film

Life-Size is a 2000 American fantasy comedy television film directed by Mark Rosman and starring Lindsay Lohan and Tyra Banks. It originally premiered on March 5, 2000, on ABC as part of The Wonderful World of Disney block. Lohan portrays a young girl who casts a magic spell to bring back her deceased mother and, instead, accidentally brings to life her fashion doll, played by Banks. The film then follows their relationship as the doll creates havoc while trying to fit into the real world.

Jasmine (<i>Aladdin</i>) Fictional character from the 1992 Disney film Aladdin

Jasmine is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' animated film Aladdin (1992). Voiced by Linda Larkin – with a singing voice provided by Lea Salonga – Jasmine is the spirited daughter of the Sultan, who has grown weary of her life of palace confinement. Despite an age-old law stipulating that the princess must marry a prince in time for her upcoming birthday, Jasmine is instead determined to marry someone she loves for who he is as opposed to what he owns. Created by screenwriters and directors Ron Clements and John Musker with co-screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, Jasmine is based on Badroulbadour, a princess who appears in the One Thousand and One Nights folktale "Aladdin and the Magical Lamp."

Children's culture includes children's cultural artifacts, children's media and literature, and the myths and discourses spun around the notion of childhood. Children's culture has been studied within academia in cultural studies, media studies, and literature departments. The interdisciplinary focus of childhood studies could also be considered in the paradigm of social theory concerning the study of children's culture.

<i>Disney Princess</i> Walt Disney Company media franchise

Disney Princess, also called the Princess Line, is a media franchise and toy line owned by the Walt Disney Company. Created by Disney Consumer Products chairman Andy Mooney, the franchise features a lineup of female protagonists who have appeared in various Disney franchises.

<i>Barbie in the Nutcracker</i> 2001 film by Owen Hurley

Barbie in the Nutcracker is a 2001 animated fantasy film co-produced by Mainframe Entertainment and Mattel Entertainment, and distributed by Artisan Home Entertainment.

Sexualization is the emphasis of the sexual nature of a behavior or person. Sexualization is linked to sexual objectification, treating a person solely as an object of sexual desire. According to the American Psychological Association, sexualization occurs when "individuals are regarded as sex objects and evaluated in terms of their physical characteristics and sexiness." "In study after study, findings have indicated that women more often than men are portrayed in a sexual manner and are objectified. In addition, a narrow standard of physical beauty is heavily emphasized. These are the models of femininity presented for young girls to study and emulate."

Toy advertising is the promotion of toys through a variety of media. Advertising campaigns for toys have been criticized for trading on children's naivete and for turning children into premature consumers. Advertising to children is usually regulated to ensure that it meets defined standards of honesty and decency. These rules vary from country to country, with some going as far as banning all advertisements that are directed at children.

<i>Barbie</i> (media franchise) Multimedia franchise featuring Barbie

Beginning with the release of an eponymous video game in 1984, Barbie, a fashion doll manufactured by American toy and entertainment company Mattel and debuted on March 9, 1959, has been featured in a media franchise predominantly consisting of a film series and media formats across technologies like television and the Internet. Since then, it has become one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time and has been referred to among fans as the "Barbie Cinematic Universe".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Girls' toys and games</span> Subset of toy and games that appeal to female children

Girls' toys and games are toys and games specifically targeted at girls by the toy industry. They may be traditionally associated either exclusively or primarily with girls by adults and used by girls as an expression of identity. One commentator have argued that the market for girl's toys and games is more challenging than that for boys' toys and games.

<i>Sofia the First</i> American animated television series

Sofia the First is an American animated fantasy children's television series created by Craig Gerber for Disney Television Animation. The series follows a young peasant girl named Sofia, voiced by Ariel Winter, who becomes a princess after her mother marries the king of Enchancia. Episodes focus on her adventures and bonds with others, including her animal friends, with whom she communicates through an amulet that blesses and curses her based upon the goodness of her actions. The series aimed to employ relatable situations in a fantasy world; according to Gerber, Sofia's position as a child of a single mother allowed the team to explore themes of adaptation and connect to modern children. The series pilot premiered on November 18, 2012, on Disney Channel. The series itself ran from January 11, 2013 to September 8, 2018 on Disney Junior, having aired four seasons in the span of 109 episodes.

Gender plays a role in mass media and is represented within media platforms. These platforms are not limited to film, radio, television, advertisement, social media, and video games. Initiatives and resources exist to promote gender equality and reinforce women's empowerment in the media industry and representations. For example, UNESCO, in cooperation with the International Federation of Journalists, elaborated the Gender-sensitive Indicators for Media contributing to gender equality and women's empowerment in all forms of media.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Let Toys Be Toys</span> Advocacy campaign

Let Toys Be Toys is a campaign designed to persuade retailers to stop categorising toys by gender. It was started by a group of parents on the parenting on-line discussion forum Mumsnet.

Carrie A. Rentschler is a scholar of feminist media studies and associate professor at McGill University located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Rentschler's work focuses on how media produces culture and its effects on women's lives and the reproduction of rape culture. She advocates anti-violence through the production of media to reduce violent crime.

Girl studies, also known as girlhood studies, is an interdisciplinary academic field of study that is focused on girlhood and girls' culture that combines advocacy and the direct perspectives and thoughts of girls themselves. The field officially emerged in the 1990s after decades of falling under the broader field of women's studies. Scholars within girl studies examine social and cultural elements of girlhood and move away from an adult-centered focus. Those working in the field of girl studies have studied it primarily in relation to other fields that include sociology, psychology, education, history, literary studies, media studies, and communication studies. Girl studies seeks to work directly with girls themselves in order to analyze their lives and understand the large societal forces at play within them. Scholars in girl studies also explore the connection the field has to women's studies, boyhood studies, and masculinity studies. There are many different definitions of what a girl is. Some may say that a girl is under the age of 18. Catherine Driscoll discusses how in the nineteenth century, girls were traditionally defined as younger than the age of consent. Claudia Mitchell and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh discuss girlhood beginning from birth to late twenties. Girlhood is often designated by age and consists of imitating observed and learned adult behavior.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Rebecca Hains". Salem State Faculty Directory. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 "Rebecca Hains". Salem State Expert Gallery. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  3. ↑ Hains, Rebecca. "Curriculum Vitae Rebecca C. Hains, Ph.D.", accessed April 24, 2023; "Rebecca Hains, Guest Blogger", The Christian Science Monitor , accessed April 24, 2023
  4. ↑ Hains, Rebecca (2012). Growing Up With Girl Power: Girlhood On Screen and in Everyday Life. Peter Lang. ISBN   9781433111389.
  5. 1 2 Keller, Jessalynn. "Critical girls: girl power revisited", Girlhood Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal , vol. 7, no. 2, winter 2014, pp. 142 et seq.
  6. ↑ Kelly, Emma Jean. "Hains, Rebecca C.: Growing Up with Girlpower: Girlhood on Screen and in Everyday Life", Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy, no. 147, May 2013, p. 167
  7. ↑ Hains, Rebecca (2014). The Princess Problem: Guiding Our Girls Through the Princess-Obsessed Years. Sourcebooks. ISBN   9781402294037.
  8. ↑ Heatwole, Alexandra. "Disney girlhood: princess generations and Once Upon a Time", Studies in the Humanities, vol. 43, no. 1–2, December 2016, pp. 1 et seq.
  9. ↑ "The Princess Problem: Guiding Our Girls through the Princess-Obsessed Years", ProtoView.com, November 2014
  10. 1 2 Vieira, Meredith. "The Princess Problem, Part One". The Meredith Vieira Show: YouTube. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  11. 1 2 Vieira, Meredith. "The Princess Problem, Part Two". The Meredith Vieira Show: Youtube. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  12. ↑ "The Princess Problem: Guiding Our Girls Through the Princess-Obsessed Years", Publishers Weekly, vol. 261, no. 35, September 1, 2014, p. 65
  13. ↑ Forman-Brunell, Miriam; Hains, Rebecca (2013). Princess Cultures: Mediating Girls' Imaginations and Identities. Peter Lang. ISBN   9781433120619.
  14. ↑ Hains, Rebecca; Mazzarella, Sharon (2019). Cultural Studies of Lego: More than Just Bricks. Palgrave. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32664-7. ISBN   978-3-030-32663-0. S2CID   239062073.
  15. ↑ Hains, Rebecca; Jennings, Nancy (2021). The Marketing of Children's Toys: Critical Perspectives on Children's Consumer Culture. Palgrave. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62881-9. ISBN   978-3-030-62881-9. S2CID   242385528.
  16. ↑ Aguilo-Perez, Emily R. "Princess Cultures: Mediating Girls' Imaginations and Identities", American Journal of Play , vol. 8, no. 3, spring 2016, pp. 397 et seq.
  17. ↑ Hains, Rebecca (February 3, 2020). "Pride in being a #Girldad is good, but it shows how far we still have to go". The Washington Post . Retrieved November 2, 2021.Hains, Rebecca (August 20, 2019). "Dear fellow white people: Here's what to do when you're called racist". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 2, 2021.Hains, Rebecca (March 7, 2019). "Barbie is 60. And she's reinventing herself". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 2, 2021.>Hains, Rebecca (June 24, 2016). "Why Disney Princesses and princess culture are bad for girls" . Retrieved November 2, 2021.Hains, Rebecca (February 12, 2016). "Boys play with dolls, and girls play with spaceships. Someone tell the toymakers". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 2, 2021.Hains, Rebecca (February 1, 2016). "A Barbie with curves is still all about looks". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 2, 2021.Hains, Rebecca (November 17, 2015). "Princess Leia is a general now. But why isn't she in more toy stores?". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  18. ↑ Hains, Rebecca (November 5, 2012). "Top 5 parenting tips for media literacy in preschoolers". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 2, 2021.Hains, Rebecca (May 16, 2013). "Disney misses the point in response to Merida petition". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 2, 2021.Hains, Rebecca (February 17, 2015). "Princess Awesome dresses show a tipping point for parents". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 2, 2021. >Hains, Rebecca (October 22, 2014). ""F-Bombs for Feminism": A viral video exploiting girls, not empowering them". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 2, 2021.Hains, Rebecca (July 10, 2014). "Six summer beauty tips (made you look!)". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 2, 2021.Hains, Rebecca (May 6, 2014). "Boko Haram: Three ways to fight human trafficking". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  19. ↑ Hains, Rebecca (February 27, 2015). "The problem with separate toys for boys and girls". The Boston Globe . Retrieved November 2, 2021.Hains, Rebecca (November 17, 2015). "Why boys should play with dolls". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
  20. ↑ Javaid, Maham (April 5, 2023). "Why we can't look away from the 'Barbie' movie's fever-dream-like trailer". The Washington Post .
  21. ↑ Prakash, Prarthana (July 3, 2023). "The Barbie franchise is trying hard to represent different ethnicities – but that may have prompted a movie ban in Vietnam". Fortune .
  22. ↑ Klara, Robert (2019). "Here's how much Barbie has changed since her debut almost 60 years ago". Adweek . Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  23. ↑ Cramer, Maria (2020). "After all these years, Barbie is still reinventing herself". The New York Times.
  24. ↑ Herman, Valli (December 5, 2023). "'Barbie's' influence hasn't slowed down. Pink Crocs and gender equality, anyone?". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  25. ↑ Reed, Americus (March 17, 2016). "Will consumers buy into Mattel's new Barbie strategy?". Knowledge @ Wharton on SiriusXM Radio. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  26. ↑ Brook, Tom (2016). "The controversy behind Disney's groundbreaking new princess". The BBC. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  27. ↑ Hoover, Amanda (2016). "Disney's 'Moana' wins at box office with feminist narrative". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  28. ↑ Zarya, Valentina (2017). "Is your daughter's princess costume bad for her? Here's what the experts say". Fortune. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  29. ↑ McVeigh, Tracy (2015). "Kenneth Branagh's corseted Cinderella fails the Frozen test, say critics". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  30. ↑ Hill, Amelia (2015). "Princess Awesome: the fight against 'pinkification'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  31. ↑ Barnes, Brooks (2016). "A new Disney Princesa carries responsibilities beyond her kingdom". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  32. ↑ Dell'Antonio, KJ (2016o). "Disney Princesses do change girls--and boys, too". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  33. ↑ Ashbrook, Tom (2016). "The evolution of a Disney Princess". NPR's On Point, WBUR Radio. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  34. ↑ Jargon, Julie (2021). "Let it go? Disney Princess culture isn't toxic, study finds". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  35. ↑ Gamerman, Ellen (2019). "Generation "Frozen" grows up". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  36. ↑ Davis, Lisa Selin. "Why gender-neutral holiday presents matter for your children", CNN, December 20, 2021
  37. ↑ "Can gender-specific toys affect a child's development? Researchers weigh in". CBC Radio: The Current. CBC Radio. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  38. ↑ Carlson, Tucker (2014). "No Gender December: Movement calls for "more inclusive" toys". Fox and Friends. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  39. ↑ "Nothing but Neutral: Toy Stores Dropping Gender-Specfiic Aisles". Fox and Friends. 2013.
  40. ↑ Kamanetz, Anya; Turner, Cory (2019). "Sparkle unicorns and fart ninjas: What parents can do about gendered toys". NPR's Morning Edition. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  41. ↑ Tu, Chau (2018). "How do toy companies appeal to kids in the post-Saturday morning cartoon era?". Slate. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  42. ↑ Prang, Allison (2021). "Gender-neutral toys for children gain ground". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  43. ↑ "Pink attitude: Princesses, pop stars and girl power (excerpt)". Daily Motion. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  44. ↑ Denjean, Cécile. "Pink attitude: Princesses, pop stars and girl power". Cinefete.ca. Arte & Phares et Balises. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  45. ↑ "Princesses, Pop Stars & Girl Power". Film Documentaire. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  46. ↑ "Rebecca Hains". Google Scholar. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  47. ↑ Hains, Rebecca (2010). "Power feminism, mediated: Girl power and the commercial politics of change". Women's Studies in Communication. 32 (1): 89–113. doi:10.1080/07491409.2009.10162382. S2CID   143794585 . Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  48. ↑ "Citations: Power feminism, mediated". Google Scholar. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  49. ↑ McAllister, Matthew P. , Alexandra Nutter, Yasemin Beykont, and Sydney L. Forde. "Advertising and Promotion", Oxford Bibliographies, Oxford University Press, May 26, 2022, DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199791286-0002
  50. ↑ Aguiló-Pérez, Emily R. "Tweens", Oxford Bibliographies, Oxford University Press, July 26, 2017 DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199791231-0189
  51. ↑ Koehler, Julie and Claudia Schwabe. "Fairy Tales and Folktales", Oxford Bibliographies, Oxford University Press, February 22, 2018 DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199791231-0195
  52. ↑ "Media Literacy Now: About Us". Media Literacy Now. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  53. ↑ Souza, Scott. "Salem State University Professors Earn Fulbright Awards", Patch, September 1, 2023
  54. ↑ Luca, Dustin. "Salem educators head abroad on Fulbright awards", The Salem News , September 20, 2023
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.