Religion in Rome

Last updated

Religion in Rome (2015) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

   Catholicism (82.0%)
  Other or non-religious (8.7%)
   Protestant (0.8%)
   Judaism (0.7%)
   Islam (3.8%)

Rome has, for more than two millennia, been an important worldwide center for religion, particularly the Catholic strain of Christianity. The city is commonly regarded as the "home of the Catholic Church", owing to the ecclesiastical doctrine of the primacy of the Bishop of Rome. Today, there are also other Abrahamic religions common in Rome, including Judaism and Islam.

Contents

Classical period

The Religio Romana (literally, the "Roman Religion") constituted the major religion of the city in antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were Jupiter, the highest, and Mars, the god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, Romulus and Remus, according to tradition. The goddess Vesta became an important part of the Roman Pantheon at an early stage of the Roman Monarchy. The goddess Diana joined the Roman Pantheon during the Monarchy times as the central goddess uniting worship between Rome and several of its neighbors, thus creating the basis for a coalition. The goddess Juno was imported to Rome from the ancient city of Veii, after Veii fell to the Roman military, following a long period of wars between the two cities, during the time of the Roman Republic. Other gods and goddesses were honored in Rome and added to the Pantheon throughout the Monarchy and Republic periods. See Livy, Books 1–5.

The Roman religion was largely concerned with interpreting divine messages (auguries) through natural occurrences (omens). However, Rome had no augurs of its own and largely relied upon Etruscan augurs to interpret the divine omens. For this reason, Rome was left without any augurs during its last war with Veii, an Etruscan city, and was forced to send envoys all the way to Greece, to consult the famous Oracle at Delphi. Livy, Book 5.

Several other religions and imported mystery cults remained represented within its ever-expanding boundaries during the Roman Republic and Empire periods, including Judaism, whose presence in the city dates back from the Roman Republic and was sometimes forcibly confined to the Roman Ghetto, as well as Mithraism, until being superseded by Christianity, following the death of Emperor Constantine in the 4th century. [6] Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I, allowing it to spread further and eventually wholly replace Mithraism in the Roman Empire.

Christianity

The Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, one of the city's earliest basilicas. Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome) frontview.jpg
The Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, one of the city's earliest basilicas.

Rome became the pre-eminent Christian city (vis-a-vis Antioch and Alexandria, and later Constantinople and Jerusalem) because of the final residence and martyrdom of Saint Peter there during the 1st century, coupled with the city's political importance. The Bishop of Rome, who is traditionally called Pope, claims primacy over all Bishops and therefore all Christians because he is the successor to Saint Peter, upon whom Christ Jesus built His Church; the pope's prestige had been enhanced since 313 through donations by Roman emperors and patricians, including the Lateran Palace and patriarchal basilicas, as well as the obviously growing influence of the Church over the failing civil imperial authority. Papal authority has been exercised by Peter and his successors since the Church's inception, from time to time exposing and resolving divisions among Christians.

With the increasing chaos and disorder leading to the collapse of the Roman Empire in 476, the popes assumed more and more civil authority first in Rome and in the surrounding territories. Rome became the center of the Catholic Church and the capital city of the Papal States; consequently, a great number of churches, convents, and other religious buildings were erected in the city, sometimes on the ruins of older pre-Christian sites of worship. Churches proliferated during the Renaissance, when Rome's most notable churches were built (this includes St. Peter's basilica on the Vatican Hill (the largest church in the world) and the city cathedral of St. John at the Lateran. The Papacy established its residence first in the Lateran Palace, then in the Quirinal Palace. When Rome was annexed by force to the newly unified Kingdom of Italy In 1870, Pope Pius IX retired to the Vatican, proclaiming himself a prisoner of the Savoy monarchy and leading to decades of conflict between the neonate state and the Catholic Church. This was resolved in 1929 when the Lateran Treaty was signed in Rome, establishing the right for the Holy See to govern the Vatican City as an independent, sovereign state. The patron saints of Rome remain Saint Peter and Saint Paul (or, as they are collectively referred to in this context, "the holiest Saints Peter and Paul"), both celebrated on June 29.[ citation needed ]

Vatican City

St. Peter's Square and the Basilica. Saopedro1.jpg
St. Peter's Square and the Basilica.

The city of Rome surrounds the Vatican City, the enclave of the Holy See, which is a separate sovereign state. It hosts Saint Peter's Square with the Saint Peter's Basilica. [7] The open space before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, from 1656 to 1667, under the direction of Pope Alexander VII, as an appropriate forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace" (Norwich, 1975, p.175). In Vatican City there are also the prestigious Vatican Library, Vatican Museums with the Sistine Chapel, the Raphael Rooms and other important works of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Giotto, and Botticelli.

Judaism

Great Synagogue of Rome. Great Synagogue of Rome.jpg
Great Synagogue of Rome.

Judaism has been present in Rome since classical antiquity and Rome is the only city in Europe that has had a constant presence of Jews since the establishment of the Roman Empire.

Islam

In recent years, the Islamic community has grown significantly, in great part due to immigration from North African and Middle Eastern countries into the city. As a result of this trend, the comune promoted the building of the largest mosque in Europe, which was designed by architect Paolo Portoghesi and inaugurated on June 21, 1995.

Central mosque by Paolo Portoghesi, Rome (1974) Moschea - sala principale 3082-6.JPG
Central mosque by Paolo Portoghesi, Rome (1974)

Other religions

Celebration of the 2777th Natale di Roma at the Circus Maximus Celebrazione del 2777 Natale di Roma - Pietas Comunita Gentile 2.jpg
Celebration of the 2777th Natale di Roma at the Circus Maximus

In addition Rome hosts multiple Buddhist [8] temples, a Taoist [9] temple and a variety of Roman modern pagan temples [10] held by the Associazione Tradizionale Pietas which every year takes part in the religious festivities of a Natale di Roma, the festival linked to the foundation of Rome.

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The Holy See, also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and the Vatican City State. It encompasses the office of the pope as the bishop of the Apostolic episcopal see of Rome and serves as the spiritual and administrative authority of the worldwide Catholic Church and the city-state. Under international law, the Holy See holds the status of a sovereign juridical entity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vatican City</span> Enclaved Holy Sees independent city-state

Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State, is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave surrounded by, and historically a part of, Rome, Italy. It became independent from Italy in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty, and is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, which is itself a sovereign entity under international law, maintaining the city-state's temporal power, governance, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. The Vatican is also a metonym for the pope, the Holy See, and the Roman Curia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lateran Treaty</span> 1929 treaty between Italy and the Holy See

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The Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran is the Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Rome in the city of Rome, and serves as the seat of the bishop of Rome, the pope. The only "archbasilica" in the world, it lies outside of Vatican City proper, which is located approximately four kilometres northwest. Nevertheless, as properties of the Holy See, the archbasilica and its adjoining edifices enjoy an extraterritorial status from Italy, pursuant to the terms of the Lateran Treaty of 1929. Dedicated to the Christ, in honor of John the Baptist and John the Evangelist, the place name, Laterano (Lateran) comes from an ancient Roman family (gens), whose palace (domus) grounds occupied the site; the adjacent Lateran Palace was the primary residence of the pope until the Middle Ages.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Maria Maggiore</span> Catholic basilica and landmark in Rome

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catholic Church in Europe</span>

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The city of Rome, Italy, has had an extensive history since antiquity.

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References

  1. "Diocese of Roma - Statistics". 11 July 2019.
  2. "A Roma e Provincia, immigrati il 10% degli abitanti: una guida alle religioni". 11 July 2019.
  3. "Roma prima città italiana per presenza Musulmana". 11 July 2019.
  4. "Gli Ebrei a Roma". 11 July 2019.
  5. "Popolazione Roma 2001-2018". 11 July 2019.
  6. "The Fall of the Roman Empire [ushistory.org]". www.ushistory.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  7. "Vatican". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  8. https://fondoambiente.it/eventi/tempo-al-tempio-monastero-buddhista-hua-yi-si
  9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome
  10. https://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/video/video/1415466/culto-e-cultura-nel-segno-della-dea-sorge-a-taranto-il-tempio-di-minerva.html