René Blum (ballet)

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René Blum
BornRené Blum
(1878-03-13)13 March 1878
Paris, France
Died September 1942 (1942-10) (aged 64)
Auschwitz, Poland
Nationality French
Occupation opera and ballet impresario
Known for Founder of the Ballet de l'Opéra at Monte Carlo
Relatives Léon Blum (brother)
Awards Croix de Guerre

René Blum (13 March 1878 – September 1942) was a French theatrical impresario. He was the founder of the Ballet de l'Opéra at Monte Carlo and was the younger brother of the Socialist Prime Minister of France, Léon Blum. [1]

An impresario is a person who organizes and often finances concerts, plays, or operas, performing a role similar to that of an artist manager or a film or television producer.

Opéra de Monte-Carlo

The Opéra de Monte-Carlo is an opera house, which is part of the Monte Carlo Casino located in the Principality of Monaco.

Monte Carlo Quarter and ward of Monaco

Monte Carlo officially refers to an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco, specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues, where the Monte Carlo Casino is located. Informally the name also refers to a larger district, the Monte Carlo Quarter, which besides Monte Carlo/Spélugues also includes the wards of La Rousse/Saint Roman, Larvotto/Bas Moulins, and Saint Michel. The permanent population of the ward of Monte Carlo is about 3,500, while that of the quarter is about 15,000. Monaco has four traditional quarters. From west to east they are: Fontvieille, Monaco-Ville, La Condamine, and Monte Carlo.

Contents

Biography

Blum was born in Paris.

At the turn of the 20th century he was an editor at the Parisian literary journal Gil Blas and a popular theatre critic. [2] He became a friend of Marcel Proust, and it was on his advice that Proust turned to Bernard Grasset to publish Du côté de chez Swann . [3]

<i>Gil Blas</i> (periodical) French periodical

Gil Blas was a Parisian literary periodical named for Alain-René Lesage's novel Gil Blas. It was founded by the sculptor Augustin-Alexandre Dumont in November 1879.

Marcel Proust French novelist, critic, and essayist

Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust, known as Marcel Proust, was a French novelist, critic, and essayist best known for his monumental novel À la recherche du temps perdu, published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927. He is considered by critics and writers to be one of the most influential authors of the 20th century.

During World War I, Blum served in the Battle of the Somme. He saved threatened artwork from Amiens Cathedral and earned the French Croix de guerre. [2] [3]

World War I 1914–1918 global war originating in Europe

World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as "the war to end all wars", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history, with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide.

Battle of the Somme battle of the Western Front, World War I

The Battle of the Somme, also known as the Somme Offensive, was a battle of World War I fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on both sides of the upper reaches of the River Somme in France. The battle was intended to hasten a victory for the Allies and was the largest battle of the First World War on the Western Front. More than three million men fought in the battle and one million men were wounded or killed, making it one of the bloodiest battles in human history. The Battle of the Somme was fought in the traditional style of World War I battles on the Western Front: trench warfare. The trench warfare gave the Germans an advantage because they dug their trenches deeper than the allied forces which gave them a better line of sight for warfare. The Battle of the Somme also has the distinction of being the first battle fought with tanks. However, the tanks were still in the early stages of development, and as a result, many broke down after maxing out at their top speed of 4 miles per hour.

Amiens Cathedral Church in Amiens, France

The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Amiens, or simply Amiens Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic church. The cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Amiens. It is situated on a slight ridge overlooking the River Somme in Amiens, the administrative capital of the Picardy region of France, some 120 kilometres north of Paris.

Founder of Ballet of Monte-Carlo

He became director of plays and operettas at Monte Carlo in 1924, [3] where Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes was based. [2] In 1931, Blum was hired by Louis II, Prince of Monaco, to create a ballet company that would continue the work and legacy of the late Diaghilev (who had died in 1929). [2] In 1932, with the help of financier Serge Denham, Blum and Colonel W. de Basil formed the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo.

Sergei Diaghilev Russian art critic

Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev, usually referred to outside Russia as Serge Diaghilev, was a Russian art critic, patron, ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes, from which many famous dancers and choreographers would arise.

Ballets Russes

The Ballets Russes was an itinerant ballet company based in Paris that performed between 1909 and 1929 throughout Europe and on tours to North and South America. The company never performed in Russia, where the Revolution disrupted society. After its initial Paris season, the company had no formal ties there.

Louis II, Prince of Monaco prince of Monaco

Louis II was Prince of Monaco from 1922 to 1949.

Blum and de Basil fell out in 1934, and their Ballet Russes partnership dissolved. [2] Blum kept ballet alive in Monte Carlo. In short order, he hired choreographer Bronislava Nijinska. After Nijinska left, Blum hired Michel Fokine. In 1937, Blum and former Ballet Russes choreographer Léonide Massine acquired financing from Julius Fleischmann, Jr.'s World Art, Inc. to create a new ballet company. [4] In 1938, their new company was allowed to regain the name Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo (although the company fled for the United States in 1939, and was thereafter mostly based in New York City). [2]

Bronislava Nijinska Russian ballet dancer, teacher and choreographer

Bronislava Nijinska ; was a Polish ballet dancer, and an innovative choreographer. She came of age in a family of professional dancers. Her career began in Saint Petersburg. Soon she joined Ballets Russes which ventured to success in Paris. She later met war-time difficulties in 'Petrograd' and in turbulent Kiev. In France again, public acclaim for her works came quickly, cresting in the 1920s. She then enjoyed continuing successes in Europe and the Americas.

Michel Fokine Russian ballet dancer and choreographer

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Léonide Massine ballet dancer

Leonid Fyodorovich Myasin, better known in the West by the French transliteration as Léonide Massine, was a Russian choreographer and ballet dancer. Massine created the world's first symphonic ballet, Les Présages, and many others in the same vein. Besides his "symphonic ballets," Massine choreographed many other popular works during his long career, some of which were serious and dramatic, and others lighthearted and romantic. He created some of his most famous roles in his own comic works, among them the Can-Can Dancer in La Boutique fantasque (1919), the Hussar in Le Beau Danube (1924), and, perhaps best known of all, the Peruvian in Gaîté Parisienne (1938). Today his oeuvre is represented by his son Theodor Massine.

Deportation and death

In the summer of 1940, after the German occupation of Paris, Blum returned to France to be with his family. [2] He was arrested on 12 December 1941 in his Parisian home, among the first Jews to be arrested in Paris by the French Police. He was held in the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp, then in the Drancy internment camp. On 23 September 1942 he was shipped to the Auschwitz concentration camp. [5] [6] While at the camps, he was known for keeping up the spirits of his fellow prisoners with tales of his life in the arts. [2] He was killed by the Nazis at age 64 in late September 1942. [2]

Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp

Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp was a French-run Nazi transit camp for Jews in Beaune-la-Rolande, France. 18,000 Jews were held in the camp, most of them to be transported to Auschwitz. The camp was closed on 4 August 1943 by SS officer Alois Brunner, then commander of Drancy concentration camp, under direct orders from Heinrich Himmler.

Drancy internment camp Internment camp for Jews in occupied France during World War II

The Drancy internment camp was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German military administration of Occupied France during World War II. It was located in Drancy, a northeastern suburb of Paris, France. Between 22 June 1942, and 31 July 1944, during its use as an internment camp, 67,400 French, Polish, and German Jews were deported from the camp in 64 rail transports, which included 6,000 children. Only 1,542 remained alive at the camp when Allied forces liberated it on 17 August 1944.

Auschwitz concentration camp German network of concentration and extermination camps in occupied Poland during World War II

The Auschwitz concentration camp was a complex of more than 40 Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) and administrative headquarters in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II–Birkenau, a combined concentration and extermination camp three kilometers away in Brzezinka; Auschwitz III–Monowitz, a labor camp seven kilometers from Auschwitz I set up to staff an IG Farben synthetic-rubber factory; and dozens of other subcamps.

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References

  1. Judith Chazin-Bennahum, René Blum and the Ballets Russes: In Search of a Lost Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Homans, Jennifer. "René Blum: Life of a Dance Master," New York Times (July 8, 2011).
  3. 1 2 3 Sorley Walker, Kathrine. 1982. De Basil's Ballets Russes. London: Hutchinson. ISBN   0-09-147510-4; New York: Atheneum. ISBN   0-689-11365-X, p.3
  4. "Blum Ballet Sold to Company Here," New York Times (Nov. 20, 1937).
  5. Gilbert, Martin (2002). The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust. Psychology Press. p. 10. ISBN   978-0-415-28145-4.
  6. The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, Session 32 (Part 5 of 5), Georges Wellers testimony at the trial of Eichmann.