Rhabdastrella globostellata

Last updated

Rhabdastrella globostellata
Yellow pot sponge (Rhabdastrella globostellata).jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
Order: Tetractinellida
Family: Ancorinidae
Genus: Rhabdastrella
Species:
R. globostellata
Binomial name
Rhabdastrella globostellata
(Carter, 1883) [1]
Synonyms
  • Amorphina stelliferaCarter, 1879
  • Aurora globostellataCarter, 1883
  • Jaspis stelliferaCarter, 1879
  • Stelletta globostellataCarter, 1883
  • Stellettinopsis coriaceaCarter, 1886
  • Stellettinopsis purpureaCarter, 1886

Rhabdastrella globostellata, also known as the yellow pot sponge, is a marine sponge of the order Astrophorida. It is native to many regions of the Indian Ocean including the shores of Madagascar, the Seychelles, and Australia [2] as well as the Malayan Peninsula and Singapore. [3] It was first described by Henry J. Carter as Stelleta globostellata in 1883, named after the globostellate shape of its spicules (Latin globus meaning "sphere" and stellātus meaning "star-shaped"). [1]

Sponge Animals of the phylum Porifera

Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera, are a basal Metazoa (animal) clade as a sister of the Diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. The branch of zoology that studies sponges is known as spongiology.

Astrophorida An order of sea sponges in the class Demospongiae

Astrophorida is an order of sea sponges under the class Demospongiae.

Seychelles Island country to the East of Africa

Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelago country in the Indian Ocean. The capital of the 115-island country, Victoria, lies 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland East Africa. Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros, Mayotte, Madagascar, Réunion and Mauritius to the south; as well as the Maldives and Chagos Archipelago to the east. With a population of roughly 94,228, it has the smallest population of any sovereign African country.

R. globostellata has been shown to produce a wide variety of isomalabaricanes, a type of triterpene molecules with notable cytotoxic activity towards certain cancer cell lines. [4] [5]

Triterpene any unsaturated hydrocarbon with structure that is a result of the assembling of six isoprene units

Triterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of three terpene units with the molecular formula C30H48; they may also be thought of as consisting of six isoprene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squalene, the precursor to all steroids.

Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells. Examples of toxic agents are an immune cell or some types of venom, e.g. from the puff adder or brown recluse spider.

Cell culture process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions

Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment. After the cells of interest have been isolated from living tissue, they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions. These conditions vary for each cell type, but generally consist of a suitable vessel with a substrate or medium that supplies the essential nutrients (amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals), growth factors, hormones, and gases (CO2, O2), and regulates the physio-chemical environment (pH buffer, osmotic pressure, temperature). Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate (adherent or monolayer culture) whereas others can be grown free floating in culture medium (suspension culture). The lifespan of most cells is genetically determined, but some cell culturing cells have been “transformed” into immortal cells which will reproduce indefinitely if the optimal conditions are provided.

Further reading

International Standard Book Number Unique numeric book identifier

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier which is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.

Related Research Articles

<i>Calendula officinalis</i> species of plant

Calendula officinalis, the pot marigold, ruddles, common marigold or Scotch marigold, is a plant in the genus Calendula of the family Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe, though its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown, and it may possibly be of garden origin. It is also widely naturalised farther north in Europe and elsewhere in warm temperate regions of the world.

5-Bromo-DMT chemical compound

5-Bromo-DMT (5-bromo-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a psychedelic brominated indole alkaloid found in the sponges Smenospongia aurea and Smenospongia echina, as well as in Verongula rigida alongside 5,6-Dibromo-DMT and seven other alkaloids. It is the 5-bromo derivative of DMT, a psychedelic found in many plants and animals.

<i>Halichondria</i> Genus of sponges

Halichondria is a genus of marine demosponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae. These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.

Varacin chemical compound

Varacin is a bicyclic organosulfur compound originally found in marine Ascidiacea from the Polycitor genus. It contains an unusual pentathiepin ring which reacts with DNA, and varacin and synthetic analogues have been investigated for their antimicrobial and antitumour properties.

Palauamine chemical compound

Palau'amine is a toxic alkaloid compound synthesized naturally by Stylotella agminata, a species of sea sponge found in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The name of the molecule derives from the island nation of Palau, near which the sponges are found.

Malabaricane chemical compound

The molecule malabaricane and its derivatives, the malabaricanes, are triterpene and triterpenoid compounds found in various organisms. They are named after the rain forest tree Ailanthus malabarica, from which they were first isolated in 1967 by scientists at the National Chemical Laboratory in Pune, India. Later, great varieties of malabaricanes were discovered in other organisms, mostly in marine sponges such as Rhabdastrella globostellata.

<i>Rhabdastrella</i> genus of sponges

Rhabdastrella is a genus of marine sponges belonging to the family of Ancorinidae.

Agelas flabelliformis, also known as the elephant ear sponge, is a species of demosponge. It takes the form of a large leathery slender flap and is found in the Caribbean area at depths down to 100 metres (330 ft).

Phoriospongin group of chemical compounds

Phoriospongin A and B are Australian sea sponge isolates with nematocidal activity. They are depsipeptides and were obtained from Phoriospongia species and Callyspongia bilamellata.

Bruceanol group of chemical compounds

Bruceanols are quassinoids isolated from Brucea antidysenterica.

Mayamycin chemical compound

Mayamycin is a cytotoxic polyketide isolated from a marine Streptomyces.

14-Norpseurotin A chemical compound

14-Norpseurotin A is an alkaloid and a bio-active metabolite of Aspergillus, featuring an oxa-spiro-lactam core.

Bacopasides are triterpene saponins isolated from Bacopa monnieri.

Isotuberculosinol, also called nosyberkol or edaxadiene is a diterpene molecule produced by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB, which aids in its pathogenesis. Isotuberculosinol functions by preventing maturation of the host-cell phagosome in which the bacterium lives. Maturation of the phagosome would enable it to kill the bacterium. Mutations in genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of nosyberkol result in normal development of the phagosome and reduction of mycobacterial infection. These biosynthetic genes include isotuberculosinol synthase.

Sponge isolates

Lacking an immune system, protective shell, or mobility, sponges have developed an ability to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds for survival. C-nucleosides isolated from Caribbean Cryptotethya crypta, were the basis for the synthesis of zidovudine (AZT), aciclovir (Cyclovir), cytarabine (Depocyt), and cytarabine derivative gemcitabine (Gemzar).

Penicillium sumatrense is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which was isolated from the rhizosphere of the plant Lumnitzera racemosa. Penicillium sumatrense produces sumalarin A, sumalarin B, sumalarin C

Dysidea arenaria is a species of marine sponge (poriferan) found in the Pacific Ocean. It is a member of the order Dictyoceratida, one of two sponge orders that make up the keratose or "horny" sponges in which a mineral skeleton is absent and a skeleton of organic fibers is present instead.

<i>Geodia barretti</i> species of sponge

Geodia barretti is a massive deep-sea sponge species found in the boreal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, and is fairly common on the coasts of Norway and Sweden. It is a dominant species in boreal sponge grounds. Supported by morphology and molecular data, this species is classified in the family Geodiidae.

Phomoxanthone

The phomoxanthones are a loosely defined class of natural products. The two founding members of this class are phomoxanthone A and phomoxanthone B. Other compounds were later also classified as phomoxanthones, although a unifying nomenclature has not yet been established. The structure of all phomoxanthones is derived from a dimer of two covalently linked tetrahydroxanthones, and they differ mainly in the position of this link as well as in the acetylation status of their hydroxy groups. The phomoxanthones are structurally closely related to other tetrahydroxanthone dimers such as the secalonic acids and the eumitrins. While most phomoxanthones were discovered in fungi of the genus Phomopsis, most notably in the species Phomopsis longicolla, some have also been found in Penicillium sp.

Swinholide chemical compound

Swinholides are dimeric 42 carbon-ring polyketides that exhibit a 2-fold axis of symmetry. Found mostly in the marine sponge Theonella, swinholides encompass cytotoxic and antifungal activities via disruption of the actin skeleton. Swinholides were first described in 1985 and the structure and stereochemistry were updated in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Thirteen swinholides have been described in the literature, including close structural compounds such as misakinolides/bistheonellides, ankaraholides, and hurgholide A It is suspected that symbiotic microbes that inhabit the sponges rather than the sponges themselves produce swinholides since the highest concentration of swinholides are found in the unicellular bacterial fraction of sponges and not in the sponge fraction or cyanobacteria fraction that also inhabit the sponges.

References

  1. 1 2 Carter, Henry John (May 1883). "Contributions to our Knowledge of the Spongida.—Pachytragida". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History . 5. Taylor & Francis. 11 (65): 344–369.
  2. ↑ van Soest, R. "Rhabdastrella globostellata". World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  3. ↑ Tan R. "Yellow pot sponge Rhabdastrella globostellata". wildsingapore.com. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  4. ↑ Tasdemir D, Mangalindan GC, Concepción GP, Verbitski SM, Rabindran S, Miranda M, Greenstein M, Hooper JN, Harper MK, Ireland CM (February 2002). "Bioactive isomalabaricane triterpenes from the marine sponge Rhabdastrella globostellata". Journal of Natural Products . 65 (2): 210–214. doi:10.1021/np0104020. PMID   11858759.
  5. ↑ Fouad M, Edrada RA, Ebel R, Wray V, Müller WE, Lin WH, Proksch P (February 2006). "Cytotoxic isomalabaricane triterpenes from the marine sponge Rhabdastrella globostellata". Journal of Natural Products . 69 (2): 211–218. doi:10.1021/np050346t. PMID   16499318.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.