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Graptolithina is a subclass of the class Pterobranchia, the members of which are known as graptolites. These organisms are colonial animals known chiefly as fossils from the Middle Cambrian through the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian). A possible early graptolite, Chaunograptus, is known from the Middle Cambrian. One analysis suggests that the pterobranch Rhabdopleura represents extant graptolites. Studies on the tubarium of fossil and living graptolites showed similarities in the basic fusellar construction and it is considered that the group most probably evolved from a Rhabdopleura-like ancestor.
Pterobranchia is a clade of small worm-shaped animals. They belong to the Hemichordata, and live in secreted tubes on the ocean floor. Pterobranchia feed by filtering plankton out of the water with the help of cilia attached to tentacles. There are about 25 known living pterobranch species in three genera, which are Rhabdopleura, Cephalodiscus, and Atubaria. On the other hand, there are several hundred extinct genera, some of which date from the Cambrian Period.
Roman Kozłowski was a Polish palaeontologist, best known for his work on graptolites.
Cephalodiscida is one of two orders in the class Pterobranchia, which are small, worm-shaped animals. Members belong to the hemichordates. Species in this order are sessile, living in clear water and secrete tubes on the ocean floor.
Rhabdopleurida is one of three orders in the class Pterobranchia, which are small, worm-shaped animals. Members belong to the hemichordates. Species in this order are sessile, colonial, connected with a stolon, living in clear water and secrete tubes called tubarium. They have a single gonad, the gill slits are absent and the collar has two tentaculated arms. Rhabdopleura is the best studied pterobranch in developmental biology. Some claim Rhabdopleura is an extant graptolite.
Rhabdopleura is a genus of colonial sessile hemichordates belonging to the Pterobranchia class. As one of the oldest living genera with a fossil record dating back to the Middle Cambrian, it is also considered to be the only living genus of graptolites.
Rhabdopleura compacta is a sessile hemichordate. It is a suspension feeder that secretes tubes on the ocean floor.
Rhabdopleura striata is a sessile hemichordate. It is a suspension feeder that secretes tubes on the ocean floor.
Sigmagraptidae is an extinct family of graptolites.
Abrograptidae is an extinct family of graptolites from the Middle Ordovician.
Dichograptidae is an extinct family of graptolites. Fossils are found mostly from the Late Ordovician to the Early Devonian.
Didymograptidae is an extinct family of graptolites.
Pterograptidae is an extinct family of graptolites.
Isograptidae is an extinct family of graptolites.
Dimorphograptidae is an extinct family of graptolites.
Acanthograptidae is an extinct family of graptolites.
Mastigograptidae is an extinct family of graptolites.
Cysticamaridae is an extinct family of graptolites.
Wimanicrustidae is an extinct family of graptolites.
Dithecodendridae is an extinct family of graptolites.
References
- ↑ Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3): 477–540. doi: 10.3140/bull.geosci.1465 . ISSN 1214-1119.
- ↑ Maletz, Jörg (2017). Graptolite Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118515617.
- ↑ Beli E, Aglieri G, Strano F, Maggioni D, Telford MJ, Piraino S, Cameron CB (2018) The zoogeography of extant rhabdopleurid hemichordates (Pterobranchia: Graptolithina), with a new species from the Mediterranean Sea. Invertebr Syst 32(1):100–110. doi : 10.1071/IS17021
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