Rhabdopleurida

Rhabdopleurida Temporal range: Cambrian (Fortunian)–Present [1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Various members of Rhabdopleuridae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Hemichordata
Class:	Pterobranchia
Subclass:	Graptolithina
Order:	Rhabdopleurida Fowler, 1892 [1]
Family:	Rhabdopleuridae Harmer, 1905 [1]
Genera
See Genera
Synonyms
Order Stolonoidea Kozlowski, 1938 Family Graptovermidae Kozlowski, 1949 Idiotubidae Kozlowski, 1949 Rhabdopleuritidae Mierzejewski, 1986 Rhabdopleuroididae Mierzejewski, 1986 Stolonodendridae Bulman, 1955

Rhabdopleurida is one of three orders in the class Pterobranchia, which are small, worm-shaped animals, and the only surviving graptolites. ^{[2] [3]} Members belong to the hemichordates. ^{[4] [5]} Species in this order are sessile, colonial, connected with a stolon, living in clear water and secrete tubes called tubarium. They have a single gonad, the gill slits are absent and the collar has two tentaculated arms. ^[6] Rhabdopleura is the best studied pterobranch in developmental biology. ^[7]

Genera

Various members of Rhabdopleuridae

Taxa interpreted as rhabdopleurid stolons

The family contains a single extant genus, Rhabdopleura. Based on Maletz (2018), the following genera are recognised in the family Rhabdopleuridae: ^[1]

Order RhabdopleuridaFowler, 1892

• Family RhabdopleuridaeHarmer, 1905
  • Genus Rhabdopleura Allman in Norman, 1869
  • Genus † Archaeolafoea Chapman, 1919
  • Genus † Chaunograptus Hall, 1882
  • Genus † Sokoloviina Kirjanov, 1968
  • Genus † Epigraptus Eisenack, 1941
  • Genus † Graptovermis Kozłowski, 1949
  • Genus † Haplograptus Ruedemann, 1933
  • Genus † Kystodendron Kozłowski, 1959
  • Genus † Rhabdopleurites Kozłowski, 1967
  • Genus † Rhabdopleuroides Kozłowski, 1961
  • Genus † Sphenoecium Chapman & Thomas, 1936
  • Genus † Stolonodendrum Kozłowski, 1949

Genera interpreted as possible stolons of members of Rhabdopleuridae: ^[1]

• Genus † Calyxhydra Kozłowski, 1959
• Genus † Chitinodendron Eisenack, 1937
• Genus † Diplohydra Kozłowski, 1959
• Genus † Flexihydra Kozłowski, 1959
• Genus † Lagenohydra Kozłowski, 1959
• Genus † Palaeokylix Eisenack, 1932
• Genus † Palaeotuba Eisenack, 1934
• Genus † Phragmohydra Kozłowski, 1959
• Genus † Rhabdohydra Kozłowski, 1959

References

1. Maletz, Jörg; Beli, Elena (2018-01-22). "Treatise Online no. 101: Part V, Second Revision, Chapter 15: Subclass Graptolithina and incertae sedis family Rhabdopleuridae: Introduction and systematic descriptions". Treatise Online. doi:10.17161/to.v0i0.7053. ISSN   2153-4012.
2. Mitchell, Charles E.; Michael J. Melchin; Chris B. Cameron; Jörg Maletz (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis reveals that Rhabdopleura is an extant graptolite". Lethaia. 46: 34–56. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00319.x. ISSN   0024-1164.
3. Sato, A; Rickards, RB; Holland PWH (2008). "The origins of graptolites and other pterobranchs: a journey from 'Polyzoa'". Lethaia. 41 (4): 303–316. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00123.x.
4. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
5. Eol.org
6. Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates
7. Sato, A; Bishop JDD; Holland PWH (2008). "Developmental biology of pterobranch hemichordates: history and perspectives". Genesis. 46 (11): 587–91. doi: 10.1002/dvg.20395 . PMID   18798243.

• Marinespecies.org
• ITIS.gov
• Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. ISBN   0-19-857356-1. 627 pp.
• Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3): 477–540. doi: 10.3140/bull.geosci.1465 . ISSN   1214-1119.