Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad is an American diplomat and foreign policy expert. Khalilzad was U.S. special representative for Afghanistan reconciliation from September 2018 to October 2021. Khailzad was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve as United States ambassador to the United Nations,serving in the role from 2007 to 2009. Khalilzad was the highest ranking Muslim-American in government at the time he left the position. Prior to this,Khalilzad served in the Bush administration as ambassador to Afghanistan from 2004 to 2005 and Ambassador to Iraq from 2005 to 2007.
James Franklin Jeffrey is an American diplomat who served most recently as the United States Special Representative for Syria Engagement and the Special Envoy to the International military intervention against ISIL.
This timeline of United States military operations,based in part on reports by the Congressional Research Service,shows the years and places in which United States Armed Forces units participated in armed conflicts or occupation of foreign territories. Items in bold are wars most often considered to be major conflicts by historians and the general public.
The Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) is a joint component command of the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) and is charged with studying special operations requirements and techniques to ensure interoperability and equipment standardization,to plan and conduct special operations exercises and training,to develop joint special operations tactics,and to execute special operations missions worldwide. It was established in 1980 on recommendation of Colonel Charlie Beckwith,in the aftermath of the failure of Operation Eagle Claw. It is headquartered at Pope Field.
The United States and Russia maintain one of the most important,critical,and strategic foreign relations in the world. Both nations have shared interests in nuclear safety and security,nonproliferation,counterterrorism,and space exploration. Due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine,relations became very tense after the United States imposed sanctions against Russia. Russia placed the United States on a list of "unfriendly countries".
The Republic of Türkiye and the United States of America established diplomatic relations in 1927. Relations after World War II evolved from the Second Cairo Conference in December 1943 and Turkey's entrance into World War II on the side of the Allies in February 1945. Later that year,Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations. Since 1945,both countries advanced ties under liberal international order,put forward by the US,through a set of global,rule-based,structured relationships based on political,and economic liberalism. As a consequence relationships advanced under G20,OECD,Council of Europe,OSCE,WTO,the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council,IMF,the World Bank and the Turkey in NATO.
Operation Enduring Freedom –Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA) is a component of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). The Combined Joint Task Force –Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) is the primary military component assigned to accomplish the objectives of the mission. The naval components are the multinational Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) and Combined Task Force 151 (CTF-151) which operates under the direction of the United States Fifth Fleet. Both of these organizations have been historically part of United States Central Command. In February 2007,United States President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the United States Africa Command which took over all of the area of operations of CJTF-HOA in October 2008.
United States foreign policy in the Middle East has its roots in the early 19th-century Tripolitan War that occurred shortly after the 1776 establishment of the United States as an independent sovereign state,but became much more expansive in the aftermath of World War II. With the goal of preventing the Soviet Union from gaining influence in the region during the Cold War,American foreign policy saw the deliverance of extensive support in various forms to anti-communist and anti-Soviet regimes;among the top priorities for the U.S. with regards to this goal was its support for the State of Israel against its Soviet-backed neighbouring Arab countries during the peak of the Arab–Israeli conflict. The U.S. also came to replace the United Kingdom as the main security patron for Saudi Arabia as well as the other Arab states of the Persian Gulf in the 1960s and 1970s in order to ensure,among other goals,a stable flow of oil from the Persian Gulf. As of 2023,the U.S. has diplomatic relations with every country in the Middle East except for Iran,with whom relations were severed after the 1979 Islamic Revolution,and Syria,with whom relations were suspended in 2012 following the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War.
Qatar and the United States are strategic allies. Qatar has been designated a major non-NATO ally by the United States.
Robert Charles O'Brien Jr. is an American attorney who served as the twenty-seventh United States national security advisor from 2019 to 2021. He was the fourth and final person to hold the position during the presidency of Donald Trump. He is currently the chairman of the American Global Strategies firm advising companies on international politics,the U.S. government,and crisis management.
Brett H. McGurk is an American diplomat,attorney,and academic who served in senior national security positions under presidents George W. Bush,Barack Obama,and Donald Trump. He currently serves as deputy assistant to President Joe Biden and National Security Council coordinator for the Middle East and North Africa.
Michael "Mickey" Bergman is the CEO of Global Reach and the Vice President and Executive Director of the Richardson Center for Global Engagement. He also serves as an adjunct professor at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service,where his graduate level courses focus on the art of emotional intelligence in international relations and negotiations. Previously,he served as Executive Director of the Global Alliances Program at the Aspen Institute and founded the Solel Strategic Group (SSG).
On 22 September 2014,the United States officially intervened in the Syrian civil war with the stated aim of fighting the terrorist organization ISIS in support of the international war against it,code named Operation Inherent Resolve. The US currently continues to support the Syrian rebels and the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces opposed to both the Islamic State and Syrian president Bashar al-Assad.
Amos J. Hochstein is an American businessman,diplomat,and former lobbyist. He is a top national and economic security official in the Biden administration. Hochstein has worked in the U.S. Congress,has testified before congressional panels and has served in the Barack Obama administration under Secretaries of State Clinton and Kerry. He was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in 2011 and as Special Envoy and Coordinator for International Energy Affairs in 2013. In 2015,President Barack Obama nominated Hochstein to be the Assistant Secretary of State for Energy Resources but the Senate did not act on the nomination.
William V. Roebuck is the executive vice president of the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. He most recently served as the deputy special envoy to the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS and a senior advisor to the Special Representative for Syria Engagement Ambassador James Jeffrey. He is a former American ambassador who served as United States Ambassador to Bahrain.
The 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria,code-named Operation Peace Spring by Turkey,was a cross-border military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) and the Syrian National Army (SNA) against the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and later Syrian Arab Army (SAA) in northern Syria.
The special presidential envoy for hostage affairs,or more formally the Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs,was established in 2015,by an executive order pertaining to the recovery of U.S. hostages held by non-state actors and of U.S. citizens wrongfully detained by foreign states. The Special Presidential Envoy leads and coordinates activities across the Executive Branch to bring home those Americans. The position was created in 2015 during the Obama administration.
The foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration emphasizes the repair of the United States' alliances,which Biden argues were damaged during the Trump administration. The administration's goal is to restore the United States to a "position of trusted leadership" among global democracies in order to address challenges posed by Russia and China. Both Biden and his Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin have repeatedly emphasized that no other world power should be able to surpass the United States,either militarily or economically. Biden's foreign policy has been described as having ideological underpinnings in mid-twentieth century liberal internationalism,American exceptionalism,and pragmatism.
The United States Armed Forces completed their withdrawal from Afghanistan on 30 August 2021,marking the end of the 2001–2021 war. In February 2020,the Trump administration and the Taliban signed the United States–Taliban deal in Doha,Qatar,which stipulated fighting restrictions for both the US and the Taliban,and in return for the Taliban's counter-terrorism commitments,provided for the withdrawal of all NATO forces from Afghanistan by 1 May 2021. Following the deal,the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks on the Taliban to the detriment of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF),and its fight against the Taliban insurgency.
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Lieutenant Colonel 