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The cervix or cervix uteri is the lower part of the uterus in the human female reproductive system. The cervix is usually 2 to 3 cm long and roughly cylindrical in shape, which changes during pregnancy. The narrow, central cervical canal runs along its entire length, connecting the uterine cavity and the lumen of the vagina. The opening into the uterus is called the internal os, and the opening into the vagina is called the external os. The lower part of the cervix, known as the vaginal portion of the cervix, bulges into the top of the vagina. The cervix has been documented anatomically since at least the time of Hippocrates, over 2,000 years ago.
The uterus or womb is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals. Things occurring in the uterus are described with the term in utero. In the human, the lower end of the uterus, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the upper end, the fundus, is connected to the fallopian tubes. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation. In the human embryo, the uterus develops from the paramesonephric ducts which fuse into the single organ known as a simplex uterus. The uterus has different forms in many other animals and in some it exists as two separate uteri known as a duplex uterus.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a foetus to full term. The internal sex organs are the uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo which develops into the foetus. The uterus also produces vaginal and uterine secretions which help the transit of sperm to the Fallopian tubes. The ovaries produce the ova. The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the vulva including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. The vagina is connected to the uterus at the cervix.
Acinetobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the wider class of Gammaproteobacteria. Acinetobacter species are oxidase-negative, exhibit twitching motility, and occur in pairs under magnification.
Chlamydia psittaci is a lethal intracellular bacterial species that may cause endemic avian chlamydiosis, epizootic outbreaks in mammals, and respiratory psittacosis in humans. Potential hosts include feral birds and domesticated poultry, as well as cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses. C. psittaci is transmitted by inhalation, contact, or ingestion among birds and to mammals. Psittacosis in birds and in humans often starts with flu-like symptoms and becomes a life-threatening pneumonia. Many strains remain quiescent in birds until activated by stress. Birds are excellent, highly mobile vectors for the distribution of chlamydia infection, because they feed on, and have access to, the detritus of infected animals of all sorts.
Mycobacterium brumae is a rapidly growing environmental mycobacterial species identified in 1993. Aside from one 2004 report of a catheter related bloodstream infection no other infections by this organism have been reported. It was first isolated from water, soil and one human sputum sample in Spain.
Azospirillum brasilense is a well studied, nitrogen-fixing (diazotroph), genetically tractable, Gram-negative, alpha-proteobacterium bacterium, first described in Brazil by the group of Johanna Döbereiner and then receiving the name "brasilense". A. brasilense is able to fix nitrogen in the presence of low oxygen levels, making it a microaerobic diazotroph. An isolate from the genus Azospirillum was isolated from nitrogen poor soils in the Netherlands in 1925, however the species A. brasilense was first described in 1978 in Brazil, since this genus is widely found in the rhizospheres of grasses around the world where it confers plant growth promotion. Whether growth promotion occurs through direct nitrogen flux from the bacteria to the plant or through hormone regulation is debated. The two most commonly studied strains are Sp7 and Sp245, both are Brazilian isolates isolated from Tropical grasses from Seropedica, Brazil.
Roseomonas is a genus of Gram negative bacteria. The cells are coccoid rods when viewed microscopically. Certain species are known to be opportunistic infections for humans.
Roseomonas aeriglobus is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pink-colored bacterium. The bacteria were first isolated from a laboratory air-conditioning system in South Korea, and proposed as a new species in 2017. Aeriglobus was chosen from the Latin aer (air) and globus, to reference the shape of the bacteria, and that they were found in an air-conditioning system. Another species of Roseomonas, R. aerofrigidensis, was also isolated from an air conditioner.
Roseomonas aerofrigidensis is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pink-colored bacterium. The bacteria was isolated first isolated from a laboratory air-conditioning system in South Korea, and the new species name was proposed in 2017. Another species of Roseomonas, R. aeriglobus, was also isolated from an air conditioner.
Roseomonas aerophila is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pink-colored bacterium. It was first isolated from an air sample in Taean County, South Korea, and the new species was proposed in 2013. The species name comes from Latin aer (air) and philos (loving). Another species of Roseomonas, R. aerilata, was also isolated from the air in a different region of South Korea.
Roseomonas arctica is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, psychrotrophic, light red-colored bacteria. It was first isolated from soil in the glacier foreland of Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard, Norway. The species name refers to the Arctic region from which it was first isolated.
Roseomonas eburnea is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, ivory-colored bacterium. It was first isolated from activated sludge from an herbicide-manufacturing wastewater treatment facility in Jiangsu province, China, and the species was first proposed in 2016. R. eburnea, unlike most species of Roseomonas which are pink or light red, is ivory-pigmented. The species name comes from Latin eburnea. R. chloroacetimidivorans was isolated at the same time as R. eburnea.
Roseomonas hibiscisoli is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pink-colored bacteria. It was first isolated from the rhizosphere of a Hibiscus syriacus plant, and the new species was proposed in 2017. The species name derives from the Hibiscus plant from which it was first isolated. Roseomonas rhizosphaerae was also previously isolated from the rhizosphere of a plant.
Roseomonas ludipueritiae is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pale yellow-colored bacteria. It was first isolated from a children's day care center in 1995. Further work on the isolate led to the proposal of a new genus and species, Teichococcus ludipueritiae in 2003. Further work on T. ludipueritiae found that the species belonged in the genus Roseomonas, and also led to Muricoccus roseus being reclassified as Roseomonas rosea. The species name is derived from Latin ludus (garden) and pueritia (boyhood), referring to the kindergarten day care from which the species was first isolated.
Roseomonas rosea is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pink-colored bacteria. It was first isolated from a children's day care center in 1995. Further work on the isolate led to the proposal of a new genus and species, Muricoccus roseus in 2003. Further work on M. roseus found that the species belonged in the genus Roseomonas, and also led to Teichococcus ludipueritiae being reclassified as Roseomonas ludipueritiae in 2009. The new name for the species is Roseomonas rosea. The species name is derived from Latin rosea (pink), referring to the pink color the bacterial colonies will form, which is also a present in most Roseomonas species.
Roseomonas riguiloci is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pinkish-red-colored bacterium. It was first isolated from freshwater from the Woopo wetland in Gyeongnam Province, South Korea and the species was first proposed in 2012. The species name is derived from Latin riguus (well-watered) and locus.
Roseomonas suffusca is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, light brown-colored bacterium. It was first isolated from lagoon sediments located near North Carolina State University in 2015, and the species was first proposed in 2017. The species name comes from Latin suffusca (brownish), referring to the color that the bacterial colonies form, as opposed to the pink coloration of most members of the genus Roseomonas.
Roseomonas mucosa is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pink-pigmented bacterium. It was first isolated from blood in 2000. The new species name was first proposed in 2003 and derives from Latin mucosa, referring to the muccoid, almost runny bacterial colonies. During a survey of 36 strains of Roseomonas, R. mucosa was the most common species isolated.
Roseomonas gilardii is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pink-pigmented bacterium. It is the type species of the genus Roseomonas. The new species was among the first Roseomonas species proposed in 1993, and is named for "Gerald L. Gilardi for his many contributions to bacteriology and, specifically, for his contributions in the area of glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative rods." R. gilardii is pathogenic for humans, causing bacteremia and other infections.
References
- ↑ Rihs JD, Brenner DJ, Weaver RE, Steigerwalt AG, Hollis DG, Yu VL. Roseomonas, a new genus associated with bacteremia and other human infections. Journal of clinical microbiology. 1993 Dec 1;31(12):3275-83.