Royal Clarence Hotel

Last updated

Royal Clarence
Exeter - Royal Clarence Hotel.jpg
The hotel in 2015
Royal Clarence Hotel
Former names
  • Assembly Rooms
  • The Hotel
  • Cadogen Hotel
  • Thompsons Hotel
  • Phillips Hotel
  • The Royal Clarence Hotel
General information
StatusDamaged (building reconstruction and restoration due for completion in 2025)
TypeHotel
Address Cathedral Yard
Town or city Exeter
Country England
Coordinates 50°43′24″N3°31′49″W / 50.72333°N 3.53028°W / 50.72333; -3.53028
Named for Adelaide, Duchess of Clarence
Construction started1785
1855
1899
2019
2023
Completed1787
1855
1900
2025
Opened1769
2025
RenovatedEarly 2022
Closed28 October 2016 (2016-10-28)
DemolishedNovember 2016
Owner Andrew Brownsword Hotels [1]
Designations Grade II listed
Other information
Number of rooms53 bedrooms [1]
Website
www.royalclarenceconsultation.com
The hotel and surrounding buildings from the roof of the north tower of Exeter Cathedral in 2010 Royal Clarence Hotel, Exeter from Cathedral north tower 2010.jpg
The hotel and surrounding buildings from the roof of the north tower of Exeter Cathedral in 2010

The Royal Clarence Hotel is a former hotel in Cathedral Yard, Exeter, Devon, England. It is often described as the first property in England to be called a hotel; however, The German Hotel, London, was described in this way in 1710, so it is probably the second. [2] Since 2005 the 53-bedroom hotel [1] was branded as ABode Exeter. [3]

Contents

The hotel along with surrounding buildings including 18 Cathedral Yard and The Well House Tavern were severely damaged by fire in October 2016. All three damaged buildings are currently undergoing a major restoration. On 25 July 2017 restoration plans were unveiled by the hotelier Andrew Brownsword. The restoration work was being undertaken by construction consultants Thomasons, in partnership with Manchester architects Buttress, Historic England and Exeter City Council. On 6 August 2019, it was announced that Andrew Brownsword Hotels had put the site up for sale, [4] The reopening date is currently unknown. [5] and the site was sold in August 2020 to James Brent of South West Lifestyle Brands Ltd. The façades were originally planned to be reconstructed as a 74 bedroom hotel. However, in October 2021 it was announced that the hotel scheme was "unviable". An alternative plan was announced in December 2021, by the Akkeron Group, to repair and retain the original facade and exterior, and to construct twenty-three luxury apartments with a fully accessible restaurant, bar and two function rooms on the ground floor [6] The proposals were approved in October 2022.

History

Before the Reformation, the land which was to become the site of the hotel was part of the accommodation for Exeter Cathedral's Vicars choral. The site was later leased to a variety of tenants until in March 1766 the Reverend John Lee of Lympstone assigned the lease of the premises that he held there to William Mackworth Praed (1747–1833). [7] Praed was a son of William Mackworth Praed, a lawyer and politician who had died in 1752. [8] At the time of the transfer, part of the premises leased by John Lee was occupied by an under-tenant, a French school master named Peter Berlon, and Praed engaged him to manage the planned development of the site. Praed acquired other adjacent premises too, including the freehold of a property half way along St Martin's Lane, and dilapidated property in High Street, which he redeveloped separately. [9] He also developed the adjacent building on the corner of St Martin's Lane for the Exeter Bank, of which he was one of the founding members, with John Duntze, Joseph Sanders and Daniel Hamilton. [10]

It appears that work proceeded quickly on the hotel site because in early September 1766 a newspaper article referred to there having been "an Assembly at Mr Berlon's New Room" accompanied by "some curious Fireworks in the Churchyard". In August 1767 there was a newspaper notice of an entertainment to take place at "Mr Berlon's new Assembly-Room". By March 1768 Berlon was advertising his business as "Berlon's Coffee-house" and in November that year he announced that he had "lately fitted lodgings, for the conveniency of those Gentlemen and Ladies who please to honour him with their Favours". [11]

In September 1770, Berton placed an advertisement for the business, describing it as "New Coffee-house, Inn, and Tavern, Or, The Hotel, In St. Peter's Church-yard, Exeter." This was long thought to be possibly the first use of the word hotel in England [12] but, as Ian Mortimer points out in The Time Traveller's Guide to Regency Britain (2020), p. 225, the German Hotel in Suffolk Street, London, had been referred to as a hotel since at least 1710.

According to Alexander Jenkins, writing in 1806, the hotel provided "a commodious room for holding public balls, assemblies, concerts, &c.". [13] Jenkins further described it as:

a large and commodious Inn, with elegant apartments and accommodation for people of the first Quality, with a large assembly-room in which are held the Assize Balls, Concerts and Winter assemblies, of the most distinguished persons of the City and County. In the front is a neat Coffee-room: the situation of the Hotel is very pleasant, as it opens to the Parade, and commands a noble view of the Cathedral. [14]

It subsequently took various names, including the Cadogen Hotel, Thompsons Hotel, and Phillips Hotel.

The hotel became one of the leading coaching inns in Exeter. It was visited by Admiral Nelson in 1801, [15] and was renamed as the Royal Clarence Hotel after a visit by Adelaide, Duchess of Clarence in July 1827. Franz Liszt performed with six other musicians in two concerts at the hotel on 28 and 29 August 1840 [16] (a blue plaque on the building, erected by Exeter Civic Society in 2013, commemorated that event [17] ). Other visitors included Beatrix Potter in 1892, Thomas Hardy in 1915, and actors Clark Gable and Gary Cooper during the Second World War. [15]

In 1879, the hotel was bought by businessman John Headon Stanbury. [18] It was subsequently owned by his son-in-law (John Bailey Rowe Orchard) and grandson (John Geoffrey Rowe Orchard). [19]

Between 2000 and 2015, the hotel was co-owned and run by celebrity chef Michael Caines, who set up ABode with business partner Andrew Brownsword. [20] Brownsword bought the hotel in 2003 for £4.5 million. [1]

Building

Doorway of the Royal Clarence Hotel, 2013 Doorway of Royal Clarence.jpg
Doorway of the Royal Clarence Hotel, 2013

There was a range of medieval buildings on the site of the present buildings in Cathedral Yard. Some elements of these were retained in later reconstruction: the party wall between the Royal Clarence Hotel and the next property includes the remains of a 15th or 16th-century timber-framed side wall, two storeys high, belonging to a former building with roof line parallel to the street. [21] [22] The original 1769 building was partly remodelled in the Egyptian style in 1827, [23] when it was also extended to incorporate the former Exeter Bank building adjoining Martin's Lane. [24] Later alterations considerably changed the interior, [23] though it retained its timber framing. It gained listed building status (Grade II) in 1953 as part of the group of listed buildings in Cathedral Yard. [25]

2016 fire

The hotel and adjoining buildings after the 2016 fire Royal Clarence Hotel after fire.jpg
The hotel and adjoining buildings after the 2016 fire

On 28 October 2016 the hotel was gutted by a fire which began at 5 a.m. in an adjoining building part-used as an art gallery (the Castle Fine Art gallery), which was being converted at the time into flats. [26] Hotel guests were evacuated to the nearby Mercure Southgate Hotel, and no casualties were reported. [27] The fire was later fuelled by a ruptured gas main, [28] and part of the frontage of the building collapsed. [29] The interior of the grade II listed building where the fire started, 18 Cathedral Yard, [30] was also destroyed, and the two listed buildings between were damaged, [31] [32] but firefighters prevented the fire spreading to other historic buildings. Over a hundred firefighters attended the incident and it was necessary to draw water from the River Exe to fight the fire. The people of Exeter helped by giving the firefighters free food and messages of support, and by limiting their use of water. [33]

Restoration

Workmen inspecting the fire damage at the hotel Inspecting the fire damage at the Royal Clarence Hotel.jpg
Workmen inspecting the fire damage at the hotel

After assessments were completed and remaining hotspots extinguished, [34] demolition of the building started on 2 November 2016, [35] with continuing efforts to salvage historically important material from the wreckage. [36] The Christmas market in Cathedral Green made provision for the independent traders who were closed since the fire. [37] The hotel's owner, Andrew Brownsword, said on 31 October: "We have every intention to rebuild the hotel with enormous sympathy to its importance and heritage, and to make it once again a building that the City of Exeter will be proud of." [38] It was stated that a laser survey of the Royal Clarence made two years before the fire could help architects reconstruct the facade and the hotel. [39]

On 22 February 2017, archaeologists involved in the restoration and rebuilding of The Royal Clarence Hotel unearthed medieval pictures, including one of a peacock. It was estimated it would take three months to complete the deconstruction of the building, with every effort being made to save as many historical features as possible, and a total of 21 months to restore the façade of the building and implement a modern design for the interior of the hotel. [40] On 25 July 2017, official restoration renovations plans were unveiled for the exterior frontal facade. Further plans were underway for the interior of the hotel. [41]

On 6 August 2019, Abode, the chain that owned the hotel, put the site of the Royal Clarence Hotel up for sale, stating they were unable to afford the completion of significant repairs to the building. The debris from the fire was cleared during the demolition works. The restoration work to the surviving interior historic fabric of building, including chambers, was strengthened and repaired. The site was then ready for the next stage of restoration and repair works of the hotel. [42]

On 8 November 2019, repairs were completed on 18 Cathedral Yard, having undergone a three-year complete restoration undertaken by the same restorers who restored Windsor Castle following its 1992 fire, completed in November 1997. There was then a second round of bids for the sale, and restoration work to complete the repairs of The Well House Tavern Pub and The Royal Clarence Hotel. [43]

On 18 August 2020, the site was sold to James Brent of South West Lifestyle Brands limited, and the former chairman of Plymouth Argyle Football Club. The approved planning permission was already in place for reconstruction of the Royal Clarence Hotel façades as a 74-bedroom hotel due to be completed after 18 months. [44] [45] However, on 28 October 2021 the development company said the hotel scheme was "significantly unviable" and it was working on an alternative plan. [46]

On 1 December 2021, proposals were announced by property developer Akkeron Group for a £17 million restoration and reconstruction of the original facade and exterior, with twenty-three luxury apartments, and the ground floor fully accessible to visitors as The Well House Pub, featuring a bar, a large restaurant and two function rooms. Akkeron chairman James Brent said the redevelopment plans would "breathe new life into the historic and much-loved Royal Clarence building... We are also focused on retaining as much of the building's historic fabric as possible, restoring the famous façade to its former glory, so the Royal Clarence will look much as it previously did before the fire." [6]

The restoration planning permission was approved on 11 October 2022. Demolition and reconstruction works will need to be undertaken to the remaining fabric and to buildings around the site, including Six Martin's Lane, which were said to be "unsalvageable" after being exposed to the elements for a number of years. It was agreed that plans be drawn up soon to "retain and showcase as many historical features of the remaining building fabric as possible". [47]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exeter Cathedral</span> Church in Devon, United Kingdom

Exeter Cathedral, properly known as the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter in Exeter, is an Anglican cathedral, and the seat of the Bishop of Exeter, in the city of Exeter, Devon, in South West England. The present building was complete by about 1400 and has several notable features, including an early set of misericords, an astronomical clock and the longest uninterrupted medieval stone vaulted ceiling in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jenners</span> Well established department store in Edinburgh, Scotland

Jenners was a well-established department store in Edinburgh, Scotland, situated on Princes Street. It was Scotland's oldest independent department store until the retail business was acquired by House of Fraser in 2005. It closed in December 2020 and was vacated by House of Fraser in May 2021. The building will eventually be restored.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cullompton</span> Town and civil parish in Devon, England

Cullompton is a town and civil parish in the district of Mid Devon and the county of Devon, England. It is 13 miles (21 km) north-east of Exeter and lies on the River Culm. In 2011 the parish as a whole had a population of 8,499 while the built-up area of the town had a population of 7,439.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rougemont Castle</span> Grade I listed castle in Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom

Rougemont Castle, also known as Exeter Castle, is the historic castle of the city of Exeter, Devon, England. It was built into the northern corner of the Roman city walls starting in or shortly after the year 1068, following Exeter's rebellion against William the Conqueror. In 1136 it was besieged for three months by King Stephen. An outer bailey, of which little now remains, was added later in the 12th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal William Victualling Yard</span> Site of Grade I and II listed buildings in Plymouth

The Royal William Victualling Yard in Stonehouse, a suburb of Plymouth, England, was the major victualling depot of the Royal Navy and an important adjunct of Devonport Dockyard. It was designed by the architect Sir John Rennie and was named after King William IV. It was built between 1826 and 1835 and occupies a site of approximately 16 acres (65,000 m2) being half of Western Kings, north of Devil's Point.

Michael Andrew Caines is an English chef born in Exeter, Devon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases</span> Hospital in Somerset, England

The Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases is a small, specialist NHS hospital on the Royal United Hospital (RUH) site in the northwestern outskirts of Bath, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nantes Cathedral</span> Cathedral located in Loire-Atlantique, in France

Nantes Cathedral, or the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul of Nantes, is a Roman Catholic Gothic cathedral located in Nantes, Pays de la Loire, France. Construction began in 1434, on the site of a Romanesque cathedral, and took 457 years to finish in 1891. It has been listed since 1862 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

The Two Moors Festival is an annual classical music festival based in Devon and Somerset, England. It covers the largest geographic area of any U.K. festival, and is based in the towns and villages of Dartmoor and Exmoor.

Andrew Douglas Brownsword CBE DL is an English entrepreneur who established the Forever Friends company. He has regularly featured on the Sunday Times Rich List, with an estimated fortune of £190 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Scotland Yard</span> Street in the St. Jamess district of Westminster, London

Great Scotland Yard is a street in Westminster, London, connecting Northumberland Avenue and Whitehall. By the 16th century, this 'yard', which was then a series of open courtyards within the Palace of Whitehall, was fronted by buildings used by diplomatic representatives of the Kingdom of Scotland. In the 19th century, it was a street and open space, which was the location of a public entrance to the original headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service of London, causing the name "Scotland Yard" to become synonymous with the police service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bank Buildings, Belfast</span> Listed building in Belfast, Northern Ireland

The Bank Buildings is a Grade B1-listed five-storey building located at the intersection of Castle Street and Royal Avenue in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It was designed and built between 1899 and 1900 by W. H. Lynn as a department store and warehouse, owned by the firm of Robertson, Ledlie, Ferguson & Co. It stands on the site of a bank erected in 1785, from which it takes its name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Hayward (architect)</span>

John Hayward (1807–1891) was a Gothic Revival architect based in Exeter, Devon, who gained the reputation as "the senior architect in the west of England".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exeter monastery</span> Collection of religious buildings in England

Various monasteries and other religious houses have existed at various times during the Middle Ages in the city of Exeter, Devon, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exeter</span> City in Devon, South West England

Exeter is a cathedral city and the county town of Devon, South West England. It is situated on the River Exe, approximately 36 mi (58 km) northeast of Plymouth and 65 mi (105 km) southwest of Bristol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cathedral Close, Exeter</span>

The area of Cathedral Close, Exeter has been in the centre of Exeter, Devon, England, since Roman times when there was a basilica and a bath house in this area. A church was established here by the seventh century when a young Saint Boniface came from Crediton to study. The area was walled after 1283 and seven gates into the yard were created. The gates included one at St Petrocks and the original grand entrance into the yard – Broadgate. This created the cathedral close.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colson's</span> Former department store in Exeter, England

Colson's, later Dingle's and House of Fraser, was a department store located in Exeter, Devon, England. Located on the High Street, the store was founded in 1792, then expanded after damage in the Second World War. It was later purchased and grouped with Plymouth-based Dingles, taking their name, before becoming House of Fraser. The store closed in 2019, along with a number of other House of Fraser stores during financial difficulties at the group. The site was derelict for a number of years, before being renovated during 2022 by IHG Hotels & Resorts as a Hotel Indigo, including a restaurant named "Colson's" in recognition of the history of the building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Devon County War Memorial</span> World War I memorial in Exeter, England

The Devon County War Memorial is a First World War memorial, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and situated on Cathedral Green in Exeter, the county town of Devon, in the south west of England. It is one of fifteen War Crosses designed by Lutyens with similar characteristics, and one of two to serve as a civic memorial in a city. The first proposal for the county's war memorial was to complete the construction of a cloister at Exeter Cathedral to be dedicated to Devon's war dead, but this scheme was abandoned due to lack of funds. After considering multiple proposals, the Devon County War Memorial Committee commissioned Lutyens to design a War Cross instead. The committee chose to site the memorial on the green of Exeter Cathedral after scouting several locations. A war memorial for Exeter itself was being considered concurrently, but the committees for the two projects failed to work together, resulting in two separate memorials—the county memorial by the cathedral and Exeter City War Memorial in Northernhay Gardens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Clarence Yard</span>

Royal Clarence Yard in Gosport, Hampshire, England was established in 1828 as one of the Royal Navy's two principal, purpose-built, provincial victualling establishments. It was designed by George Ledwell Taylor, Civil Architect to the Navy Board and named after the then Duke of Clarence. The new victualling yard was developed on approximately 20 hectares of land, some of which was already in use as a brewing establishment at Weevil on the west shore of Portsmouth Harbour, to the north of Gosport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exeter City Fire Brigade</span> Former fire and rescue service in south west England

The Exeter City Fire Brigade was the first municipal fire brigade in Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom. The brigade was formed in 1888, on the recommendation of Captain Sir Eyre Shaw, the Chief Officer of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade, who conducted a parliamentary inquiry into the Exeter Theatre Royal fire during which 186 people died, making it still the worst-ever building fire death toll in the UK.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Janet Harmer, "Andrew Brownsword speaks of devastating loss of Royal Clarence hotel", The Caterer, 29 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016
  2. ↑ Mortimer (2020), p. 225.
  3. ↑ ABode Exeter. Retrieved 28 October 2016
  4. ↑ "Royal Clarence Hotel fire: Exeter site put up for sale". BBC. 6 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  5. ↑ "The Royal Clarence Hotel reveals plans for restoration after last year's fire". Boutique Hotelier. 26 July 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  6. 1 2 "Royal Clarence Hotel: £17m Exeter flats plan revealed". BBC News . 1 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  7. ↑ Marsh (2017), pp. 1–3.
  8. ↑ Griffiths, Grace (1989). History of Teignmouth (3rd ed.). Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire: Ex Libris Press. p. 77. ISBN   0-948578-17-3.
  9. ↑ Marsh (2017), pp. 3–7.
  10. ↑ Ryton, John (1984). Banks and Banknotes of Exeter 1769-1906. Exeter: John Ryton. p. 23. ISBN   0-9508666-0-1.
  11. ↑ Marsh (2017), p. 25.
  12. ↑ Marsh (2017), p. 27–8.
  13. ↑ Jenkins (1806), p. 213.
  14. ↑ Jenkins (1806), p. 317.
  15. 1 2 The Royal Clarence Hotel, Cathedral Close, Exeter Memories, 12 December 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2016
  16. ↑ Harvey, Hazel (2011). The Story of Exeter. Phillimore. p. 129. ISBN   978-1-86077-678-6.
  17. ↑ Plaque #13098 on Open Plaques
  18. ↑ "Crewman's Exeter Flying Post". Exeter Flying Post . 3 September 1879. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  19. ↑ "Eight Hundred Years of Exeter's Mayors and Lord Mayors" . Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  20. ↑ "Michael Caines MBE: 'Did cuts hinder Royal Clarence fire crews?'", Express & Echo, 28 October 2016 Archived 30 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 30 October 2016
  21. ↑ Parker, Richard; Allan, John (2015). "The Transformation of the Building Stock of Exeter 1450-1700". In John Allan; Nat Alcock; David Dawson (eds.). West Country Households 1500–1700. Boydell Press. pp. 51–2. ISBN   978-1-84383-994-1.
  22. ↑ Jane Mathews , "Royal Clarence Hotel in Exeter starts to collapse following blaze", The Telegraph, 29 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016
  23. 1 2 Meller, Hugh (1989). Exeter Architecture. Chichester: Phillimore. p. 23. ISBN   0-85033-693-7. ... now, behind the stucco facade, the only faintly discernible style is Edwardian.
  24. ↑ Cherry, Bridget; Nikolaus Pevsner (1991). Devon. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 413–414. ISBN   0-300-09596-1.
  25. ↑ Royal Clarence Hotel, British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 28 October 2016
  26. ↑ "Exeter fire: Gutted building was being converted into luxury flats", "Exeter Express and Echo", 28 October 2016 Archived 29 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 28 October 2016
  27. ↑ "Luxury Hotel in Exeter City Centre – ABode Exeter". Archived from the original on 17 November 2016.
  28. ↑ "Exeter fire: Royal Clarence Hotel collapses in blaze". BBC News. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  29. ↑ "Exeter fire: Royal Clarence Hotel collapses as blaze rages", BBC News, 29 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016
  30. ↑ "Architecture experts mourn loss of "irreplaceable" interior in building where fire started", Express & Echo, 29 October 2016 Archived 30 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 29 October 2016
  31. ↑ Gale, Damien (29 October 2016). "Exeter fire: little of historic Royal Clarence Hotel remains". theguardian.com. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  32. ↑ Exeter blaze destroys hotel thought to be oldest in Britain The Guardian
  33. ↑ Royal Clarence fire: demolition to begin as firefighters thank Exeter public The Guardian
  34. ↑ "Royal Clarence fire: Engineers assess fire-ravaged hotel". BBC News. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  35. ↑ "Royal Clarence Hotel in Exeter demolished after blaze", BBC News, 2 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016
  36. ↑ Historic Remains will be Salvaged from Royal Clarence Hotel Wreckage
  37. ↑ Exeter's Christmas Market to go ahead after huge fire ITV
  38. ↑ Martin Fullard, "Royal Clarence Hotel owner has “every intention to rebuild” after fire", Conference News, 31 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016
  39. ↑ Laser survey could help rebuild Royal Clarence Hotel BBC
  40. ↑ "Royal Clarence Hotel could reopen in 21 months". Devon Live. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  41. ↑ "Fire-hit 'oldest hotel in England' restoration unveiled". BBC News . 25 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  42. ↑ "Royal Clarence Hotel fire: Exeter site put up for sale". BBC News . 6 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  43. ↑ "Company confirms it has made an offer for Exeter Royal Clarence fire site - but doesn't have hotel plans". Devon Live. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  44. ↑ "16-17 Cathedral Yard And Royal Clarence Hotel Cathedral Yard Exeter Reconstruction". Exeter City Council. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.[ permanent dead link ]
  45. ↑ "Exeter's historic Royal Clarence Hotel site is sold". Devon Live. 18 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  46. ↑ "Fire-ravaged Royal Clarence Hotel site derelict five years on". BBC News . 28 October 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  47. ↑ "Royal Clarence Hotel Exeter: Luxury flats approved". BBC News . 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.

Sources

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.