Hydnellum is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the genus contains around 40 species. The fruitbodies of its members grow by slowly enveloping nearby bits of grass and vegetation. There is great variability in the form of Hydnellum fruitbodies, which are greatly influenced by environmental conditions such as rainfall and humidity, drying winds, and temperature. They are too tough and woody to eat comfortably. Several species have become the focus of increasing conservation concern following widespread declines in abundance.
Sarcodon is a genus of fungi in the family Bankeraceae, which is part of the order Thelephorales, known for its almost universal ectomycorrhizal ecology. The genus owes its name to the presence of teeth-like spines on the hymenophore, from ancient Greek; sarco = flesh and odon = tooth. For this reason they are commonly called "tooth fungi", or "Hydnoid fungi".
Hydnellum fuscoindicum is a species of tooth fungus in the genus Hydnellum. It is found in the Pacific Northwest in moss around western hemlocks. It produces fruit bodies with a violet-black cap, violet flesh, and violet spines on the cap underside. The odor and taste are very farinaceous. The fungus was first described by Kenneth A. Harrison in 1964 as a species of Hydnum, then transferred to Sarcodon in 1967 by Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. He placed this species in section Violacei of Sarcodon, along with H. fuligineoviolaceum and H. joeides.
Hydnellum cumulatum is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science in 1964 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. The fungus is found in Kings County and Annapolis County, Nova Scotia (Canada), where it fruits singly, in groups, or is fused masses in stands of red pine and eastern hemlock. The fruitbody resembles that of H. diabolus, but lacks the acrid taste of that species. In 2009, H. cumulatum was reported from Sweden, having been previously misidentified as Hydnellum scrobiculatum.
Hydnellum cyanodon is a rare species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Boularderie Island and Antigonish County, it was described as new to science in 1964 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. The turbinate (cushion-shaped) cap of the fruitbody measures 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) in diameter. Spines on the cap underside up to 5 mm long, and blue in color. The fungus fruits singly or in groups in deep moss under spruce trees.
Hydnellum scleropodium is a rare species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science in 1964 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. The fungus has been collected in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Nova Scotia, in both mixed and coniferous forest. Its fruitbody has an irregular, brownish cap measuring 10–25 cm (4–10 in) wide. The sclerotium-like stipe measures 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) long by 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) thick, and roots into the ground. The flesh has a strong, fragrant odor. Spines on the cap underside, blue in color, are up to 11 mm long.
Hydnellum subzonatum is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Nova Scotia, Canada, it was described as new to science in 1961 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. Its small fruitbodies grow as fused caps, with individual caps measuring 1.3–5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter. Initially white, they turn light brown with a somewhat darker center, and are faintly zonate. The grayish-blue spines on the cap underside are up to 3 mm long. Growing fruitbodies have an unusual hoary (grayish-white) appearance. The spores are oblong to almost square, measuring 3.5–4.5 by 3.4 µm. The fungus fruits in groups under spruce. H. subzonatum has been collected from Cape Split and Antigonish County.
Hydnellum cruentum is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Nova Scotia, Canada, it was described as new to science in 1961 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. Fruitbodies grow singly, in groups, or as fused masses under spruce. Individual caps measure 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in diameter, and have a club- or cushion-like shape. They are initially light brown, but darken somewhat in maturity. Young fruitbodies can exude droplets of red juice. Spines on the cap underside are lilac to dark blue, and up to 4 mm long. The angular spores are angular, with 4 to 6 unusually prominent outgrowths, and measure 4–4.5 by 3.5–4.5 µm. Harrison described the spores as "so irregular that some resemble stout metal jackstones." The flesh is pale gray to pale brown, and has a strong "medicinal" odor.
Hydnellum multiceps is a rare species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Nova Scotia, Canada, it was described as new to science in 1961 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. The fungus has fruitbodies of overlapping and fused caps. Single caps measure 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) in diameter, while fused masses can be up to 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and 8 cm (3 in) tall. The upper cap surface is initially pale brown but darken in maturity. The greyish-brown to dark brown spines on the cap underside measure 2–5 mm long. The fungus has been recorded growing as a partial fairy ring measuring about 20 ft (6 m) in diameter, in spruce woods in Glenmont, Nova Scotia; it has also been recorded from Cape Breton Island. The spores are roughly spherical with sharp processes, and dimensions of 3–4.5 by 3–4 µm.
Hydnellum frondosum is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Nova Scotia, Canada, it was described as new to science in 1961 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. Its fruitbodies have caps that individually measure 1.8–4 cm (0.7–1.6 in) across, but can coalesce to create larger fused structures up to 14 cm (5.5 in). The cap surface is greyish brown, with broad whitish margins in age. The spines on the cap underside are small–up to 1 mm long, and extend quite a ways down the length of the stipe. The spore print is fawn; individual spores are roughly spherical and measure 3.5–4.5 by 3–4 µm. Fruit bodies have been found growing near pine and hemlock, in mixed forest of Kings County, Nova Scotia.
Sarcodon stereosarcinon is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in North America, it was described as new to science in 1940 by mycologist Lewis Edgar Wehmeyer, who found the original collections in Nova Scotia, Canada.
Sarcodon rimosus, commonly known as the cracked hydnum, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, it was described as new to science in 1964 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who initially called it Hydnum rimosum. He transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1984. Fruit bodies of S. rimosum have convex to somewhat depressed caps that are 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) in diameter. The surface becomes scaly in age, often developing conspicuous cracks and fissures. It is brown with violet tints. The flesh lacks any significant taste and odor. Underneath the cap cuticle, the flesh turns a bluish-green color when tested with a solution of potassium hydroxide. The brownish-pinks spines on the cap underside are typically 2.5–7 mm long, extending decurrently on the stipe. Spores are roughly spherical with fine warts on the surface, and measure 5–6.5 by 4.5–5 µm. The hyphae do not have clamp connections.
Sarcodon lanuginosus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science in 1961 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who initially called it Hydnum lanuginosum. He transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1984. It is found in Nova Scotia, Canada, where it fruits on the ground singly or in groups under spruce and fir. The type collection was made in Cape Split, Kings County.
Sarcodon cyanellus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, where it associates with Pinaceae, it was described as new to science in 1964 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who initially called it Hydnum cyanellum. He transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1984. It has a vinaceous-violet to bluish-black cap.
Sarcodon calvatus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science in 1964 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who initially called it Hydnum calvatum. He transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1984. It is found in North America.
Hydnellum martioflavum is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae, found in Europe and North America.
Kenneth A. Harrison was a Canadian mycologist. He was for many years a plant pathologist at what is now the Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre in Nova Scotia. After retirement, he contributed to the taxonomy of the Agaricomycotina, particularly the tooth fungi of the families Hydnaceae and Bankeraceae, in which he described several new species.
Hydnellum versipelle is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described by Elias Fries in 1861 as Hydnum versipelle. Taisiya Lvovna Nikolayeva transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1961. Hydnum crassum, published by Kenneth A. Harrison in 1961, is a synonym. The species is found in Europe and North America.
Sarcodon subfelleus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science in 1961 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who initially called it Hydnum subfelleum. He transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1984. It is found in Nova Scotia, Canada, where it fruits on the ground singly or in groups under spruce and fir. The type collection was made in Glenmont, Kings County.
Sarcodon ustalis is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science in 1964 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who initially called it Hydnum ustalie. He transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1984. It is found in Michigan, where it fruits on the ground in groups under Jack Pine. The type was collected by Ingrid Bartelli in Marquette, Michigan.
