Scarus fuscopurpureus

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Scarus fuscopurpureus
Scaridae - Scarus fuscopurpureus.jpg
Scarus fuscopurpureus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Labriformes
Family: Scaridae
Genus: Scarus
Species:
S. fuscopurpureus
Binomial name
Scarus fuscopurpureus
(Klunzinger, 1871)
Synonyms [2]
  • Pseudoscarus forskalii fuscopurpureus Klunzinger, 1871

Scarus fuscopurpureus, common name purple-brown parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the class Actinopterygii. It is a parrotfish in the family Scaridae. [3] It occurs in the western Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the gulf of Aden and the Persain Gulf. [4] Countries in which boarder these waters include, but are not limited to Egypt, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates.

Contents

Naming

Scarus fuscopurpureus was first formally described as Pseudoscarus forskalii fuscopurpureus in 1871 by the German physician and zoologist Carl Benjamin Klunzinger (1834-1914) with the type locality given as Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt. [5]

Description

Scarus fuscopurpureus has been estimated that adults may typically range from 34 – 41 cm. [6] Of the family Scarus, the typical lateral line count ranges from 17-18 +/-4 scales, with estimated 10 dorsal rays, 9 anal rays, and a variation of about 14-16 pectoral fin rays [7] All species of this family possess small gill rakers but vary in quantity. An identifier of the species tends to be the quantity of pre-dorsal scales as well as the rows of scales on the cheek. [7] Colors of these fishes depend on sexes and stage of growth.They vary from brown to green or blue, with one whitish vertical band and pale edged scales. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are deep brown and purple. [8] Initial stages show light and purple brown bands, with reddish edges of scales and a truncate to emarginated caudal fin. The males of the terminal phase may have a yellow band below the soft dorsal and a yellow edged lunate tail. [9] [10] Females may present light grey lateral bars and darker coloration.

Distribution and habitat

This reef-associated species inhabits shallow water, at a depth of 2–20 m, often over sand with coral heads and abundant vegetation. These fish reside near coral reef ecosystems approximately 2 to 3 meters from the waterbed [4]

Development/Reproduction

Scarus fuscopurpureus is oviparous and the male and female form pairs for spawning. They can be usually found in pairs or small groups. [2] The age of sexual maturation in parrotfishes may vary from 1–3 years depending on the species, this includes the transformation of sexes from female to male in some parrotfishes [11] Like many of the species of the family Scarus, the purple-brown parrotfish also exhibits physical variation based on life stage. [12] Sexual dichromatism and varying juvenile presentation have often led to unconfirmed justification of species due to its similarity to others in the family [13]

Lifespan/Longevity

Like many fish, the otolith size, and shape play a crucial factor in determining the age of an individual of S. fuscopurpureus. [4] In general, the suspected age range of parrotfish is predicted to be about 10–15 years depending on the species. [11]

Behavior

S. fuscopurpureus exhibits diel vertical patterns in which they utilize larger depths at night and remain in the shallow parts of the reef during the daytime. [6] It has been observed that parrotfish utilize foraging activates to provide as a supplementary aid in their diet while maintaining a steady income of algae. The parrotfish itself is hyperaware of what it consumes and modifies its diet accordingly based on availability. [14]

Food Habits

S. fuscopurpureus, like other parrotfishes, use their strong jaws and teeth to rasp at algae on coral. [15] Unfortunately, there is no known information whether the predation by the parrotfish species on coral negatively affects the distribution, growth, or survivorship of coral colonies [16] Parrotfish often rely on algae and other flora in the water as well as zooplankton. Parrotfishes are considered herbivores.

Predation

There are some fishes that choose to prey upon parrotfishes. Due to the habitat in which parrotfishes reside, sharks and eels are known to consume parrotfish in opportunistic instances due to the simultaneous occupation of coral reefs. [17] To combat this, some species of parrotfish secrete a mucus-like substance from their mouths to encapsulate their bodies while sleeping, masking its own scent.

Ecosystem Roles

Parrotfishes as a family have a unique role in their ecosystems, while they exhibit top-down behavior of algal communities, they are viewed as an important functional group in facilitating the recovery of coral reefs. Because the fish consume the algae on the reef's coral, parrotfish also consume the coral itself. After digestion, the fecal material is deposited back into the ocean and most of which contributes to the sediment production and transport of the habitat. However, the ecological processes exhibited by parrotfish do not pertain to the entire family; the exact roles depend heavily on the species, more specifically how they feed. Due to the size of S. fuscopurpureus, it is to be assumed that this fish contributes more heavily to the previous role due to being larger than others within the family [16]

Human usage/Economic Importance

Scarus fuscopurpureus was not found in surveys of fish markets in Oman. [1] Although it is unknown if S. fuscopurpureus is a direct target of human consumption, other species are susceptible for capture and are eaten as a delicacy by humans. Throughout the years however, it has been encouraged to cease the consummation of these fishes due to their importance in the coral reef ecosystem. In other regions such as Hawaii, specific species of parrotfish possess immense demand and are highly valued by local fisheries, in fact they are often overpriced. [11]

Conservation Status

It is rather common and it is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List meaning, this fish is not in danger of extinction at this time. These fishes can be found in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, and the Persian Gulf (in Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Yemen, Israel, Jordan, Iran, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Somalia and Sudan). [1]

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parrotfish</span> Family of fishes

Parrotfishes are a group of fish species traditionally regarded as a family (Scaridae), but now often treated as a subfamily (Scarinae) or tribe (Scarini) of the wrasses (Labridae). With roughly 95 species, this group's largest species richness is in the Indo-Pacific. They are found in coral reefs, rocky coasts, and seagrass beds, and can play a significant role in bioerosion.

<i>Sparisoma</i> Genus of fishes

Sparisoma is a genus of parrotfishes native to warmer parts of the Atlantic. FishBase recognizes 15 species in this genus, including S. rocha described from Trindade Island in 2010 and S. choati described from the East Atlantic in 2012. They are the most important grazers of algae in the Caribbean Sea, especially since sea urchins, especially Diadema, the other prominent consumers of algae, have been reduced in many places by a recent epidemic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marbled parrotfish</span> Species of fish

The marbled parrotfish, also known as the seagrass parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish from the family Scaridae and is the only known member of the genus Leptoscarus. It has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution and is also found in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is a coastal species found in beds of sea grass and seaweed.

<i>Scarus</i> Genus of fishes

Scarus is a genus of parrotfishes. With 52 currently recognised extant species, it is by far the largest genus in this family. The vast majority are found at reefs in the Indo-Pacific, but a small number of species are found in the warmer parts of the eastern Pacific and the western Atlantic, with a single species, Scarus hoefleri in the eastern Atlantic. Most are very colourful, and have strikingly different initial and terminal phases. Adults of most species reach maximum lengths of between 30 and 50 cm (12–20 in), but the rainbow parrotfish can grow to lengths of 1.2 m (3.9 ft).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Midnight parrotfish</span> Species of fish

The midnight parrotfish is a species of parrotfish that inhabits coral reefs mainly in the Caribbean, Bahamas, and Florida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Princess parrotfish</span> Species of fish

The princess parrotfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It is typically 20 to 25 centimetres long, found in the Caribbean, South Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Its behavior, similar to other parrotfishes, is to swim about the reef and sandy patches during the day, at depths between 3 and 25 metres, scraping algae on which it feeds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stoplight parrotfish</span> Species of fish

The stoplight parrotfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish from the family Scaridae, inhabiting coral reefs in Florida, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Bermuda and as far south as Brazil. It mainly feeds on algae by scraping and excavating it with its teeth. Like most of its relatives, it is able to change sex.

<i>Cetoscarus bicolor</i> Species of fish

Cetoscarus bicolor, also known as the bicolour parrotfish or bumphead parrotfish, is a species of fish belonging to the family Scaridae. It is found only in the Red Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rusty parrotfish</span> Species of fish

The rusty parrotfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish belonging to the family Scaridae. It is associated with reefs in the north western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Queen parrotfish</span> Colorful species of fish in Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea

The queen parrotfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It is found on reefs in the tropical West Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Other common names include blownose, blue chub, blue parrotfish, blueman, joblin crow parrot, moontail, okra peji and slimy head. The young males and adult female queen parrotfish are a reddish-brown color, and quite different in appearance from the bluish-green color of the final phase male. This is a common species throughout its range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as "least concern".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue parrotfish</span> Species of fish

The blue parrotfish is a member of the parrotfish genus Scarus. It is found on coral reefs in shallow water in the tropical and subtropical parts of the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. They usually forage in a group of 500 individuals for spawning and deterring predators while feeding.

<i>Chlorurus sordidus</i> Species of fish

Chlorurus sordidus, known commonly as the daisy parrotfish or bullethead parrotfish, is a species of marine fish in the family Scaridae.

<i>Scarus niger</i> Species of fish

Scarus niger, common names the swarthy parrotfish, dusky parrotfish, and black parrotfish, is a species of parrotfish. It is in the phylum Chordata, class Actinopterygii, and family Scaridae. Like other members of its family, it has characteristic 10 dorsal soft rays, 9 dorsal spines, 9 anal soft rays, and 3 anal spines, It is found in Indo-West and Central Pacific, from the Red Sea, north to Japan, south to Australia and east to French Polynesia. It is found in lagoons, channels and outer reefs slopes on the depths of 2 to 20 metres. The dusky parrotfish often lives in solitude, but males may also live in a small group of mating females. The dusky parrotfish is primarily herbivorous, and its main source of food is benthic algae. At maturity, the fish is approximately 230-240mm long and weighs around 240g.

<i>Hipposcarus harid</i> Species of fish

Hipposcarus harid, the Longnose parrotfish or Candelamoa parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish from the family Scaridae found on coral reefs of Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.

<i>Scarus ghobban</i> Species of fish

Scarus ghobban, also known as the blue-barred parrotfish, blue trim parrotfish, cream parrotfish, globe-headed parrotfish, green blotched parrotfish, yellow scale parrotfish, and bluechin parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish in the family Scaridae.

<i>Chlorurus microrhinos</i> Species of fish

Chlorurus microrhinos, the blunt-head parrotfish or steephead parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish from the family Scaridae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.

Scarus zufar, also known as Dhofar parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It is found along the central to southern coastal waters of Oman. S. zufar was first identified in 1995.

<i>Scarus psittacus</i> Species of fish

Scarus psittacus, the common parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. Other common names for this species include the palenose parrotfish, Batavian parrotfish and the rosy-cheek parrotfish. It has a wide distribution in the Indo-Pacific region where it is associated with coral reefs. This species is utilised as food. It is the type species of the genus Scarus.

<i>Sparisoma choati</i> Species of fish

Sparisoma choati, the West-African parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish from the family Scaridae. It occurs at depths between 2 and 30m, along west African coastline and islands from Cape Verde and Senegal south to the offshore islands of the Gulf of Guinea and northern Angola. Like other parrotfish of the genus Sparisoma, it lives on rocky reefs and grazes on algae growing over hard substrate. It was named in honor of J. Howard Choat, in recognition of his extensive scientific work on parrotfishes.

<i>Scarus zelindae</i> Species of fish

Scarus zelindae is a species of fish of the Scaridae family in the order Perciformes. This species of Parrotfish can be brown, blue, green, yellow, and purple and can change their colors several times throughout their lifetime. They live for about 5–7 years and can be found in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, primarily in Brazilian waters.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Russell, B.; Clements, K.D.; Choat, J.H.; Rocha, L.A.; Myers, R.; Lazuardi, M.E.; Muljadi, A.; Pardede, S.; Rahardjo, P. (2012). "Scarus fuscopurpureus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2012: e.T190714A17795612. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T190714A17795612.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Scarus fuscopurpureus" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. ↑ Parenti, P. and J.E. Randall, 2000. An annotated checklist of the species of the labroid fish families Labridae and Scaridae. Ichthyol. Bull. J.L.B. Smith Inst. Ichthyol. (68):1-97
  4. 1 2 3 Keivany, Yazdan (2003-05-01). "Book review of "Atlas of the Persian Gulf & Sea of Oman fishes. Vol. 1." and "Morphological and biological characteristics of the southern Iranian fishes (Persian Gulf and Oman Sea)"". Ichthyological Research. 50 (2): 201–202. doi:10.1007/s10228-002-0158-y. ISSN   1341-8998.
  5. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Pseudoscarus forskalii fuscopurpureus". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  6. 1 2 Pickholtz, Renanel; Kiflawi, Moshe; Crossin, Glenn T.; Pickholtz, Eliezer Y.; Zamsky, Revital; Kahan, Inbal; Gavriel, Tal; Belmaker, Jonathan (August 2022). "Highly repetitive space-use dynamics in parrotfishes". Coral Reefs. 41 (4): 1059–1073. doi:10.1007/s00338-022-02258-3. ISSN   0722-4028.
  7. 1 2 Westneat, Mark W.; Satapoomin, Ukkrit; Randall, John E. (2007-11-02). "Scarus maculipinna, a new species of parrotfish (Perciformes, Scaridae) from the eastern Indian Ocean". Zootaxa. 1628 (1): 59–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1628.1.4. ISSN   1175-5334.
  8. ↑ Klunzinger, Karl Benjamin (1870). Synopsis der Fische des Rothen Meeres / von C. B. Klunzinger. Wien: C. Ueberreuter'she Buchdruckerei.
  9. ↑ Richard Field Reef Fishes of Oman
  10. ↑ Kent E. Carpenter Living Marine Resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, etc.
  11. 1 2 3 DeMartini, Edward E.; Andrews, Allen H.; Howard, Kathrine G.; Taylor, Brett M.; Lou, Dong-Chun; Donovan, Mary K. (April 2018). "Comparative growth, age at maturity and sex change, and longevity of Hawaiian parrotfishes, with bomb radiocarbon validation". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 75 (4): 580–589. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2016-0523. hdl: 1807/80284 . ISSN   0706-652X.
  12. ↑ Choat, John. H.; klanten, Oya. S.; Van Herwerden, Lynne; Robertson, D. Ross; Clements, Kendall D. (2012-09-05). "Patterns and processes in the evolutionary history of parrotfishes (Family Labridae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 107 (3): 529–557. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01959.x . ISSN   0024-4066.
  13. ↑ WESTNEAT, MARK W.; SATAPOOMIN, UKKRIT; RANDALL, JOHN E. (2007-11-02). "Scarus maculipinna, a new species of parrotfish (Perciformes, Scaridae) from the eastern Indian Ocean". Zootaxa. 1628 (1): 59–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1628.1.4. ISSN   1175-5334.
  14. ↑ Lobel, P. S.; Ogden, J. C. (1981). "Foraging by the herbivorous parrotfish Sparisoma radians". Marine Biology. 64 (2): 173–183. doi:10.1007/bf00397106. ISSN   0025-3162.
  15. ↑ Almaaty, Ali; El_Regal, Mohamed; Mar`ie, Zeinab; Ebied, Basset (2015-09-01). "Genetic relationship between five fish species of genus scarus using rapd assay". Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 19 (3): 9–22. doi:10.21608/ejabf.2015.2267. ISSN   2536-9814.
  16. 1 2 Bonaldo, R. M.; Bellwood, D. R. (2010-08-25). "Parrotfish predation on massive Porites on the Great Barrier Reef". Coral Reefs. 30 (1): 259–269. doi:10.1007/s00338-010-0669-3. ISSN   0722-4028.
  17. ↑ Winn, Howard E.; Bardach, John E. (April 1959). "Differential Food Selection by Moray Eels and a Possible Role of the Mucous Envelope of Parrot Fishes in Reduction of Predation". Ecology. 40 (2): 296–298. doi:10.2307/1930041. hdl: 2027.42/119097 . ISSN   0012-9658.
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