Sclerophrys garmani

Last updated

Sclerophrys garmani
Amietophrynus-garmani.jpg
Eastern Olive Toads (Amietophrynus garmani) (11839254383).jpg
A. garmani in Limpopo, South Africa
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Sclerophrys
Species:
S. garmani
Binomial name
Sclerophrys garmani
(Meek, 1897)
Synonyms [2]
  • Bufo garmani Meek, 1897
  • Amietophrynus garmani (Meek, 1897)
  • Bufo regularis humbensis Monard, 1937 "1936"
  • Bufo pseudogarmani Hulselmans, 1969
  • Bufo bisidanae Hulselmans, 1977

Sclerophrys garmani, also known as Garman's toad or eastern olive toad (among others), is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is widely distributed in East and Southern Africa. However, populations north and south of Tanzania might represent distinct species. If so, the name Sclerophrys garmani would apply to populations from northeastern Africa. Furthermore, its southern boundary towards the range of Sclerophrys poweri in South Africa is also unclear. [1] [2]

Contents

Etymology

The specific name garmani honors Samuel Garman, an American ichthyologist and herpetologist. [3]

Description

Males grow to 106 mm (4.2 in) and females to 115 mm (4.5 in) in snout–vent length. The tympanum is almost as big as the eye diameter. The parotoid glands are large. The back is tan to olive-brown and bears large paired markings edged with black. A thin vertebral stripe may be present. Dorsal skin has distinct warts that bear small, black spines. The ventrum is off-white. [4]

The male advertisement call is a loud, low-pitched "kwaak", lasting for about a second. [4]

Range

The range extends from Ethiopia and Somalia southward through Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, to South Africa and Eswatini and west to Namibia [1] [2] and Angola. [2]

Habitat

Sclerophrys garmani in habits both arid and wooded savannas as well as agricultural areas at elevations below 2,000 m (6,600 ft). A Tanzanian population was found entirely in woodland areas. Breeding takes place in temporary water, sometimes also in artificial pools and rivers. [1]

Sclerophrys garmani is common in parts of its range. It can be threatened by habitat loss caused by human expansion, settlement, and agricultural encroachment. However, it is an adaptable species that is not seriously at risk. It is present in many protected areas. [1]

Related Research Articles

Sclerophrys taiensis is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is known from the Taï National Park in southwestern Ivory Coast and from the Gola Forest in southeastern Sierra Leone; it is likely that its range extends into the adjacent Liberia. Common name Tai toad has been proposed for it.

<i>Sclerophrys camerunensis</i> Species of amphibian

Sclerophrys camerunensis is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in southeastern Nigeria, southern Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The record from southwestern Tanzania is uncertain. It is presumed to occur in the Republic of the Congo. Records from West Africa probably refer to Sclerophrys togoensis. Common names Cameroon toad and Oban toad have been coined for this species.

Sclerophrys danielae is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the southwest coast of Ivory Coast and only known from the vicinity of Monogaga, its type locality between Sassandra and San Pedro. Last seen in around 1977, Sclerophrys danielae is one of the frogs declared as "Lost" in 2010. Common name Ivory Coast toad has been coined for it.

Sclerophrys fuliginata is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. The specific name fuliginata is Latin for "sooty", in reference to the species' appearance of a more or less diffusely uniform exterior color and pattern. It is also known as the Shaba Province toad or sooty toad. It is found in the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, southeastern Tanzania, and northern Zambia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guttural toad</span> Species of amphibian

The African common toad or guttural toad is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Réunion, Somalia, South Africa, Ethiopia, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, dry savanna, moist savanna, temperate shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, intermittent rivers, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, urban areas, heavily degraded former forest, ponds, and canals and ditches.

Sclerophrys kerinyagae is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in central Ethiopia, Kenya, northern Tanzania, and eastern Uganda. Common names Keith's toad and Kerinyaga toad have been coined for it.

Sclerophrys langanoensis is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to northern Rift Valley in Ethiopia, where it has been recorded from Lake Langano and the Awash National Park; the latter population might represent a distinct species. It is likely that this species will also be found in Eritrea and Somalia. Common name Lake Langano toad has been coined for it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Berber toad</span> Species of amphibian

The Berber toad, also known as Mauritanian toad, Moroccan toad, pantherine toad or Moorish toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae, which is found in north-western Africa, with an introduced population in southern Spain.

Poyntonophrynus parkeri is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in central Tanzania and in southwestern Kenya, from the Usangu Plain in the south northward to the southern Great Rift Valley, Kenya. It is a poorly known species, however, and its distribution might be broader.

<i>Sclerophrys perreti</i> Species of amphibian

Sclerophrys perreti is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Idanre Hills in southwestern Nigeria. Sclerophrys perreti is one of the frogs declared as "Lost" in 2010. However, it was re-discovered at its type locality in 2013. Before that, it had not been seen—possibly—since 1970, and with certainty, since 1963. Common name Perret's toad has been coined for it.

<i>Sclerophrys poweri</i> Species of amphibian

Sclerophrys poweri is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in extreme southern Angola, northern Namibia, Botswana, southward to central South Africa, and Zambia. The specific name poweri honours John Hyacinth Power, Irish-born director of the McGregor Museum who collected amphibians as well as reptiles and plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raucous toad</span> Species of amphibian

The raucous toad, also known as Ranger's toad, is a species of toad from Southern Africa.

Sclerophrys reesi, also known as Merara toad or Rees' toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to southern Tanzania and is only known from the Kihansi–Ulanga River floodplain from elevations of 200–500 m (660–1,640 ft) above sea level. It is named after Allen Rees, a principal game warden for the Tanzanian Wildlife Department who collected the type series.

<i>Sclerophrys regularis</i> Species of amphibian

Sclerophrys regularis, commonly known as the African common toad, square-marked toad, African toad, Egyptian toad, African bouncing toad and Reuss's toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found widely in the Subsaharan Africa, with its range extending to the oases in Algeria and Libya as well as to northern Nilotic Egypt. Specifically, it is found in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Uganda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">African giant toad</span> Species of amphibian

The African giant toad, Congo toad, or Cameroon toad is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria, possibly Liberia, and possibly Sierra Leone. The toad's natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, plantations, and heavily degraded former forest. While it is a "least concern" species, it is threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Sclerophrys togoensis</i> Species of amphibian

Sclerophrys togoensis, known commonly as the Tingi Hills toad or Togo toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in West Africa from Sierra Leone to Togo. Its natural habitats are rivers subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and high forest at moderate elevations. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Sclerophrys tuberosa is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in southeastern Nigeria, Cameroon, southwestern Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and northern Democratic Republic of the Congo and Republic of the Congo. Common names rough toad, warty toad, and Fernando Po toad have been proposed for it.

Sclerophrys urunguensis is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in the border area of Tanzania and Zambia, near the southeastern corner of Lake Tanganyika. One recent Tanzanian record is from close to the border with Burundi. Morphological characters suggests that it actually belongs to the genus Poyntonophrynus, but the formal move to that genus has not been made. Common name Urungu toad has been coined for it.

Sclerophrys vittata, also known as Degen's toad, banded toad, or Lake Victoria toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Uganda, where it is only known from Lira south to Entebbe and the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest. This species may possibly be found in Kenya and its range may even extend into Egypt, but the records from northern Egypt are generally regarded as belonging to S. kassasii.

Hyperolius microps is a species of frogs in the family Hyperoliidae. It is known with some certainty from northern Malawi, extreme northern Mozambique, Tanzania, and coastal Kenya; presumably its range extends into adjacent Zambia. However, its range and delimitation differs widely between sources.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2016). "Sclerophrys garmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T54649A107346310. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T54649A107346310.en . Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Frost, Darrel R. (2021). "Sclerophrys garmani (Meek, 1897)". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001 . Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  3. ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael & Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. p. 76. ISBN   978-1-907807-42-8.
  4. 1 2 Channing, Allan & Rödel, Mark-Oliver (2019). Field Guide to the Frogs & other Amphibians of Africa. Cape Town: Struik Nature. pp. 62–63. ISBN   978-1-77584-512-6.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.