It was completed in February 1922, but first published in December 1926[1] originally published for the US Market in 1927 as Revolt in the Desert and is the only version that was commercially released while he was alive. Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1935) is a longer form of the book at almost double the page count and released to the international market.[2]
Revolt in the Desert is the only version of Seven Pillars of Wisdom published for the general public in Lawrence’s lifetime.
Title
The title comes from the Book of Proverbs;[3] "Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out her seven pillars" (Proverbs 9:1) (King James Version). Before the First World War, Lawrence had begun work on a scholarly book about seven great cities of the Middle East,[lower-alpha 1] to be called Seven Pillars of Wisdom. It was incomplete when war broke out and Lawrence stated that he destroyed the manuscript. He used his original title for the later work.
The book had to be rewritten three times, once following the loss of the manuscript on a train at Reading railway station. From Seven Pillars, "...and then lost all but the Introduction and drafts of Books9 and 10 at Reading Station, while changing trains. This was about Christmas, 1919." (p.21)
Seven Pillars of Wisdom is an autobiographical account of his experiences during the Arab Revolt of 1916–1918, when Lawrence was based in Wadi Rum in Jordan as a member of the British Forces. With the support of Emir Faisal and his tribesmen, he helped organise and carry out attacks on the Ottoman forces from Aqaba in the south to Damascus in the north. Many sites inside the Wadi Rum area have been named after Lawrence to attract tourists, although there is little or no evidence connecting him to any of these places, including the rock formations near the entrance now known as "The Seven Pillars".[5]
Manuscripts and editions
Some Englishmen, of whom Kitchener was chief, believed that a rebellion of Arabs against Turks would enable England, while fighting Germany, simultaneously to defeat Turkey. Their knowledge of the nature and power and country of the Arabic-speaking peoples made them think that the issue of such a rebellion would be happy: and indicated its character and method.
So they allowed it to begin...
—Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Introduction
Lawrence kept extensive notes throughout the course of his involvement in the Revolt. He began work on a clean narrative in the first half of 1919 while in Paris for the Peace Conference and, later that summer, while back in Egypt. By December 1919, he had a fair draft of most of the ten books that make up the Seven Pillars of Wisdom but lost it (except for the introduction and final two books) when he misplaced his briefcase while changing trains at Reading railway station.[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] National newspapers alerted the public to the loss of the "hero's manuscript", but the draft was not recovered. Lawrence refers to this version as "TextI" and says that had it been published, it would have been some 250,000words in length.
In early 1920, Lawrence set about the daunting task of rewriting as much as he could remember of the first version. Working from memory alone (he had destroyed many of his wartime notes upon completion of the corresponding parts of TextI), he was able to complete this "TextII", 400,000words long, in three months. Lawrence described this version as "hopelessly bad" in literary terms, but historically it was "substantially complete and accurate". This manuscript, titled by Lawrence The Arab Revolt, is held by the Harry Ransom Center of the University of Texas with a letter from Lawrence's brother authenticating it as the earliest surviving manuscript of what would become Seven Pillars of Wisdom.[7]
With TextII in front of him, Lawrence began working on a polished version ("TextIII") in London, Jeddah, and Amman during 1921. Lawrence completed this text comprising 335,566words in February1922.
To eliminate any risk of losing the manuscript again, and to have copies that he could show privately to critics, he considered having the book typed out. However, he discovered that it would be cheaper to get the text typeset and printed on a proofing press at the Oxford Times printing works. Just eight copies were produced, of which six survive. In bibliographical terms the result was the first "edition" of Seven Pillars (because the text was reproduced on a printing press).[citation needed] In legal terms, however, these substitutes for a typescript were not "published". Lawrence retained ownership of all the copies and chose who was allowed to read them. The proof-printing became known as the "Oxford Text" of Seven Pillars. As a text it is unsatisfactory because Lawrence could not afford to have the proof corrected. It therefore contains innumerable transcription errors, and in places lines and even whole paragraphs are missing. He made corrections by hand in five of the copies and had them bound.[6] In 2001, the last time one of these rough printings came on to the market, it fetched almost $1million (equivalent to $1.72million in 2023) at auction.[8] Instead of burning the manuscript, Lawrence presented it to the Bodleian Library in Oxford.
By mid-1922, Lawrence was in a state of severe mental turmoil: the psychological after-effects of war were taking their toll, as were his exhaustion from the literary endeavours of the past three years, his disillusionment with the settlement given to his Arab comrades-in-arms, and the burdens of being in the public eye as a perceived "national hero". It was at this time that he re-enlisted in the armed forces under an assumed name, for the most part in the Royal Air Force, as described in his book The Mint with the byline "by 352087 A/c Ross", with a period in the Royal Tank Corps as "Private Shaw". Concerned over his mental state and eager for his story to be read by a wider public, his friends persuaded him to produce an abridged version of Seven Pillars, to serve as both intellectual stimulation and a source of much-needed income. In his off-duty evenings, he set to trimming the 1922 text down to 250,597words for a subscribers' edition.
In a chapter of the 1922 Oxford text not included in the subscriber's edition, Lawrence expresses in a heartfelt tone his feeling of shame at how the revolt was betrayed by the colonial powers (France and United Kingdom) with the secret Sykes-Picot agreement for the partition of the Middle East. An extremely rare copy of the original manuscript, which includes the excluded chapter, was auctioned in England in 2022 at the starting price of £ 65,000.[9] With Lawrence's words: "[That was] an Arab war waged and led by Arabs for an Arab aim in Arabia … a new nation, to restore a lost influence [and build] an inspired dream palace of their national thoughts".
The Subscribers' Edition—in a limited print run of about 200copies, each with a unique, sumptuous, hand-crafted binding—was published in late 1926, with the subtitle A Triumph. It was printed in London by Roy Manning Pike and Herbert John Hodgson, with illustrations by Eric Kennington, Augustus John, Paul Nash, Blair Hughes-Stanton and his wife Gertrude Hermes. Copies occasionally become available in the antiquarian trade and can easily command prices of up to US$100,000. Unfortunately for Lawrence, the edition cost £13,000 to produce compared with £6,300 raised by sale of 200 thirty guinea subscriptions.[lower-alpha 4]
The Subscribers' Edition was a little over 25% (84,669 words) shorter than the Oxford Text, but Lawrence did not abridge uniformly. The deletions from the early books are much less drastic than those of the later ones: for example, BookI lost 17% of its words and BookIV lost 21%, compared to 50% and 32% for BooksVIII and IX. Critics differed in their opinions of the two editions: Robert Graves, E. M. Forster, and George Bernard Shaw preferred the 1922 text, although, from a legal standpoint, they appreciated the removal of certain passages that could have been considered libellous (or at least indiscreet), while Edward Garnett preferred the 1926 version.
Literary merits aside, however, producing the Subscribers' Edition had left Lawrence facing bankruptcy. He was forced to undertake an even more stringent pruning to produce a version for sale to the general public: this was the 1927 Revolt in the Desert, a work of some 130,000words: "An abridgement of an abridgement", remarked Shaw, not without disdain.[citation needed] Nevertheless, it received wide acclaim by the public and critics alike, the vast majority of whom had never seen or read the less-abridged Subscribers' Edition.
After the 1926 release of the Subscribers' Edition, Lawrence stated that no further issue of Seven Pillars would be made during his lifetime. Lawrence was killed in a motorcycle accident in May1935, at age46; within weeks of his death, the 1926 abridgement, as well as the first unabridged US edition by Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., were released to the general public.[10] The Doubleday edition was first released in a limited run of 750 copies, with a standard run released afterward. An unabridged edition was not published again until 1997, when the unabridged Oxford Text of 1922 appeared as a "best text" edited by Jeremy Wilson from the manuscript in the Bodleian Library, alongside Lawrence's amended copy of the 1922 proof printing. Wilson made some further minor amendments in a new edition published in 2003.
Critical comments
The diplomat and academic Charles Hill has called Seven Pillars "a novel traveling under the cover of autobiography", capturing Lawrence's highly personal version of the historical events described in the book.[11]
An advertisement for the 1935 edition quotes Winston Churchill as saying, "It ranks with the greatest books ever written in the English language. As a narrative of war and adventure it is unsurpassable."[12]
"Seven Pillars of Wisdom" is a song by power metal group Sabaton about Lawrence, released in July 2019 on the album The Great War.
In Tony Parsons’ novel, The Murder Bag (2014), the Seven Pillars is referenced as part of the curriculum at Potters Field school, and has a formative influence on a group of former pupils.
Editions in print
Lawrence, T. E. (1922). Seven Pillars of Wisdom (unabridged, unpublished m.s.). text in Oxford U. collection. ISBN0-9546418-0-9.
Lawrence, T. E. (1935). Seven Pillars of Wisdom (posthumoused.). London, UK & Toronto, CA: Jonathan Cape (published 29 July 1935). ISBN0-385-07015-2.[13]
Lawrence, T. E. (1935). Seven Pillars of Wisdom (unabridgeded.). Garden City, New York, USA: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. ISBN978-0-385-07015-7.
War in the Desert (2016) - the abandoned abridgement of the 1922 Oxford Text that has never been published before, co-authored with Edward Garnett (Edited by Jeremy and Nicole Wilson)
↑ Graves refers to this incident not as a misplacement but as a theft: "[Lawrence] has never imagined a political motive for the theft, but his friends have. They even whisper darkly that one day the lost text may reappear in certain official archives."[4]
↑ "He was so keen to do things well that he actually spent £13,000 on the edition—the reproduction of the pictures alone cost him more than the subscriptions—leaving him £10,000 out of pocket."[4]
↑ Lawrence, T. E. (1935). Seven Pillars of Wisdom (first unabridged USed.). Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. ISBN978-0-385-07015-7.
↑ Hill, C. (2010). Grand Strategies: Literature, statecreft, and world order. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p.8.
↑ "Seven Pillars of Wisdom [advertisement]". The Times. London, UK. 4 October 1935. p.6.
↑ publ. date inferred from Firth, J.B. (29 July 1935). "How Lawrence of Arabia saw himself". The Observer (book review). London, UK. published this day.
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