Shimwellia blattae

Last updated

Shimwellia blattae
Scientific classification
Domain:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
Shimwellia blattae
Binomial name
Shimwellia blattae
(Burgess et al. 1973) Priest and Barker 2010, comb. nov. [1]
Synonyms

Escherichia blattaeBurgess 1973

Shimwellia blattae (formerly Escherichia blattae) is a species of bacterium, one of two in the genus Shimwellia . It is an aerobic enteric bacterium first isolated from the hindgut of cockroaches. Although it is related to human pathogens, including Escherichia coli , S. blattae is not pathogenic to humans. [2] It is notable for its ability to synthesize vitamin B12 de novo. [3]

Contents

History and taxonomy

The bacterium was first described in 1973 under the name Escherichia blattae after isolation from the hindgut of the cockroach species Blatta orientalis . [4] It was reclassified in the genus Shimwellia based on phylogenetic analyses of its genome sequence. [5]

Genome

The genome of S. blattae is about 4.2 megabases in size, slightly smaller than similar enteric bacteria found in humans. It has 56.5% GC content, significantly higher than E. coli . Genomic analysis suggests that the ability of S. blattae to synthesize vitamin B12 has its origins in horizontal gene transfer. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilus</span> A proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria

A pilus is a hair-like appendage found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea. The terms pilus and fimbria can be used interchangeably, although some researchers reserve the term pilus for the appendage required for bacterial conjugation. All conjugative pili are primarily composed of pilin – fibrous proteins, which are oligomeric.

<i>Escherichia coli</i> Enteric, rod shaped, gram-negative bacterium

Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes (EPEC, ETEC etc.) can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for food contamination incidents that prompt product recalls. The harmless strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, and preventing colonisation of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a mutualistic relationship. E. coli is expelled into the environment within fecal matter. The bacterium grows massively in fresh faecal matter under aerobic conditions for three days, but its numbers decline slowly afterwards.

A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, with an optimum growth range from 20 to 45 °C. The optimum growth temperature for these organisms is 37°C. The term is mainly applied to microorganisms. Organisms that prefer extreme environments are known as extremophiles. Mesophiles have diverse classifications, belonging to two domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and to kingdom Fungi of domain Eucarya. Mesophiles belonging to the domain Bacteria can either be gram-positive or gram-negative. Oxygen requirements for mesophiles can be aerobic or anaerobic. There are three basic shapes of mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, and spiral.

<i>Escherichia virus T4</i> Species of bacteriophase

Escherichia virus T4 is a species of bacteriophages that infect Escherichia coli bacteria. It is a double-stranded DNA virus in the subfamily Tevenvirinae from the family Myoviridae. T4 is capable of undergoing only a lytic lifecycle and not the lysogenic lifecycle. The species was formerly named T-even bacteriophage, a name which also encompasses, among other strains, Enterobacteria phage T2, Enterobacteria phage T4 and Enterobacteria phage T6.

<i>Escherichia</i> Genus of bacteria

Escherichia is a genus of Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae. In those species which are inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals, Escherichia species provide a portion of the microbially derived vitamin K for their host. A number of the species of Escherichia are pathogenic. The genus is named after Theodor Escherich, the discoverer of Escherichia coli. Escherichia are facultative aerobes, with both aerobic and anaerobic growth, and an optimum temperature of 37 °C. Escherichia are usually motile by flagella, produce gas from fermentable carbohydrates, and do not decarboxylate lysine or hydrolyze arginine. Species include E. albertii, E. fergusonii, E. hermannii, E. marmotae and most notably, the model organism and clinically relevant E. coli. Shimwellia blattae was formerly classified in this genus.

<i>Enterobacter</i> Genus of bacteria

Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is the type genus of the order Enterobacterales. Several strains of these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation. The urinary and respiratory tracts are the most common sites of infection. The genus Enterobacter is a member of the coliform group of bacteria. It does not belong to the fecal coliforms group of bacteria, unlike Escherichia coli, because it is incapable of growth at 44.5 °C in the presence of bile salts. Some of them show quorum sensing properties.

<i>Burkholderia mallei</i> Species of bacterium

Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative, bipolar, aerobic bacterium, a human and animal pathogen of genus Burkholderia causing glanders; the Latin name of this disease (malleus) gave its name to the species causing it. It is closely related to B. pseudomallei, and by multilocus sequence typing it is a subspecies of B. pseudomallei.B. mallei evolved from B. pseudomallei by selective reduction and deletions from the B. pseudomallei genome. Unlike B. pseudomallei and other genus members, B. mallei is nonmotile; its shape is coccobacillary measuring some 1.5–3.0 μm in length and 0.5–1.0 μm in diameter with rounded ends.

Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia is a genus of intracellular bacteria; a separate family, Candidatus Rhabdochlamydiaceae, has been proposed for this genus. Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia species have not been cultured in vitro and have not been deposited in culture collections.

Mycoplasma laboratorium or Synthia refers to a synthetic strain of bacterium. The project to build the new bacterium has evolved since its inception. Initially the goal was to identify a minimal set of genes that are required to sustain life from the genome of Mycoplasma genitalium, and rebuild these genes synthetically to create a "new" organism. Mycoplasma genitalium was originally chosen as the basis for this project because at the time it had the smallest number of genes of all organisms analyzed. Later, the focus switched to Mycoplasma mycoides and took a more trial-and-error approach.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malate synthase</span>

In enzymology, a malate synthase (EC 2.3.3.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

Chthonomonas calidirosea is a Gram-negative bacterium and also the first representative of the new class Chthonomonadetes within the phylum Armatimonadota. The Armatimonadota were previously known as candidate phylum OP10. OP10 was composed solely of environmental 16S rRNA gene clone sequences prior to C. calidirosea's relative, Armatimonas rosea's discovery. It is now known that bacterial communities from geothermal environments, are generally constituted by, at least 5–10% of bacteria belonging to Armatimonadota.

Lautropia mirabilis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, motile bacterium of the genus Lautropia and family Burkholderiaceae, isolated from the mouth of children who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

Ruegeria pomeroyi is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic dimethylsulfoniopropionate-demethylating bacterium. Its type strain is DSS-3T. Its genome has been sequenced.

Deinococcus marmoris is a Gram-positive bacterium isolated from Antarctica. As a species of the genus Deinococcus, the bacterium is UV-tolerant and able to withstand low temperatures.

"Candidatus Karelsulcia muelleri" is an aerobic, gram-negative, bacillus bacterium that is a part of the phylum Bacteroidota. "Ca. K. muelleri" is an obligate and mutualistic symbiotic microbe commonly found occupying specialized cell compartments of sap-feeding insects called bacteriocytes. A majority of the research done on "Ca. K. muelleri" has detailed its relationship with the host Homalodisca vitripennis. Other studies have documented the nature of its residency in other insects like the maize leafhopper (Cicadulina) or the spittlebug (Cercopoidea). "Ca. K. muelleri" is noted for its exceptionally minimal genome and it is currently identified as having the smallest known sequenced Bacteroidota genome at only 245 kilobases.

Congregibacter litoralis KT71 is a gram-negative Gammaproteobacteria part of the NOR5/OM60 Clade discovered in seawater from Heligoland, an island in the North Sea by H. Eilers from the Max Planck Institute for Microbiology. C. litoralis KT71 is described as a pleomorphic bacterium and has a size of 2 x 0.5 μm. When grown in culture, C. litoralis KT71 has a generation time of 4.5 hours and prefers to grow on complex substrates where the sole carbon source is undefined, though it can utilize some sole carbon sources because they are most likely used by the organism for its central metabolism.

The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code is the DNA code used by bacteria, archaea, prokaryotic viruses and chloroplast proteins. It is essentially the same as the standard code, however there are some variations in alternative start codons.

Shimwellia is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two species of Shimwellia are Shimwellia blattae and Shimwellia pseudoproteus.

Xenophilus azovorans is a bacterium from the genus Xenophilus which has been isolated from soil in Switzerland.

Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is a phenomenon where a bacterial cell may deliver a polymorphic toxin molecule into neighbouring bacterial cells upon direct cell-cell contact, causing growth arrest or cell death.

References

  1. "Shimwellia". List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  2. 1 2 Brzuszkiewicz, E.; Waschkowitz, T.; Wiezer, A.; Daniel, R. (27 July 2012). "Complete Genome Sequence of the B12-Producing Shimwellia blattae Strain DSM 4481, Isolated from a Cockroach". Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (16): 4436. doi:10.1128/JB.00829-12. PMC   3416266 . PMID   22843577.
  3. Andres, Sönke; Wiezer, Arnim; Bendfeldt, Hanna; Waschkowitz, Tanja; Toeche-Mittler, Caroline; Daniel, Rolf (2004). "Insights into the Genome of the Enteric Bacterium Escherichia blattae: Cobalamin (B12) Biosynthesis, B12-Dependent Reactions, and Inactivation of the Gene Region Encoding B12-Dependent Glycerol Dehydratase by a New Mu-Like Prophage". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. 8 (3): 150–168. doi:10.1159/000085788. PMID   16088217. S2CID   39468724.
  4. Burgess, N. R. H.; McDermott, S. N.; Whiting, J. (March 1973). "Aerobic bacteria occurring in the hind-gut of the cockroach, Blatta orientalis". Journal of Hygiene. 71 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1017/S0022172400046155. PMC   2130441 . PMID   4571611.
  5. Priest, F. G.; Barker, M. (6 August 2009). "Gram-negative bacteria associated with brewery yeasts: reclassification of Obesumbacterium proteus biogroup 2 as Shimwellia pseudoproteus gen. nov., sp. nov., and transfer of Escherichia blattae to Shimwellia blattae comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (4): 828–833. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.013458-0 . PMID   19661513.