Shriners

"Shriner" and "Nobles of the Mystic Shrine" redirect here. For the surname, see Schreiner (disambiguation). For the march by John Philip Sousa, see Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (march).

Logo of Shriners International

Shriners International, formally known as the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (AAONMS), is an American Masonic society established in 1870 and headquartered in Tampa, Florida. ^[1]

Shriners International describes itself as a fraternity based on fun, fellowship, and the Masonic principles of brotherly love, relief, and truth. ^[2] There are about 200 temples across North America, South America, Europe and Southeast Asia. The organization founded the Shriners Hospitals for Children. ^[3]

The organization was previously known as "Shriners North America." The name was changed in 2010 across North America, Central America, South America, Europe, and Southeast Asia. ^[3]

Notable American Shriners include actors Mel Blanc, John Wayne, Ernest Borgnine, and Roy Rogers, Supreme Court chief justice Earl Warren, General Douglas MacArthur, and presidents Gerald Ford and Harry Truman. ^[4]

History

In 1870, there were several thousand Freemasons in Manhattan, many of whom lunched at the Knickerbocker Cottage at a special table on the second floor. There, the idea of a new fraternity for Masons, stressing fun and fellowship, was discussed. Together, Walter M. Fleming and William J. Florence established a separate fellowship to fulfill those ideals.

William J. Florence

While on tour in Marseille, Florence, an actor, was invited to a party given by an Arab diplomat. The entertainment was a musical comedy. At its conclusion, the guests became members of a secret society. Florence took notes and drawings at his initial viewing and on two other occasions, once in Algiers and once in Cairo. When he returned to New York in 1870, he showed his material to Fleming. ^[5]

Walter Millard Fleming

Fleming created the ritual, emblem and costumes. Florence and Fleming were initiated August 13, 1870, and they initiated 11 men on June 16, 1871. ^[6]

The group adopted a Middle Eastern theme and soon established Temple, although the term Temple has now been replaced by Shrine Auditorium or Shrine Center. The first Temple established was Mecca Temple, established at the New York City Masonic Hall on September 26, 1872. Fleming was the first potentate. ^[7]

In 1875, there were 43 Shriners in the organization. To encourage membership, the Imperial Grand Council of the Ancient Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine for North America was created at the June 6, 1876 meeting of Mecca Temple. Fleming was elected the first imperial potentate. By 1878, there were 425 members in 13 temples in eight states, and by 1888, there were 7,210 members in 48 temples in the United States and Canada. By the Imperial Session held in Washington, D.C. in 1900, there were 55,000 members and 82 Temples. ^[8]

Black Shrine

Historically, the Shrine was open to only white men. In 1893, a black counterpart to the Shriners movement was initiated by John G. Jones and other Prince Hall masons, initially called The Ancient Egyptian Arabic Order Nobles Mystic Shrine of North and South America and Its Jurisdictions. ^[9] Early in the group's history, there was legal conflict between the white and black orders, with a white order from Texas filing suit against a local black order for infringement of white Shriners regalia and traditions. The white order was initially successful in quashing the black temple until the ruling was overturned in appeals in 1929, protecting the right of black Shriners to continue practicing and fundraising nationwide. ^[10] The Worldwide Fraternal Shrine Family counts 35,000 members in 227 shrines, with its own women's auxiliary organizations. Their primary recipients of charitable donations are the NAACP, the National Urban League, the UNCF, and various hospitals and universities. ^[9]

Syria mosque

In 1911, the Syria Mosque was completed in Pittsburgh and was inaugurated in 1916. This 3,700-seat performance venue, originally for Shriners, later became significant as the "birthplace of network television." ^[11] An example of Exotic Revival architecture, it was never used as a mosque but featured religious Arabic iconography and inscriptions, ^[12] partly based on the Alhambra. ^[13] Architect Gulzar Haider was "fascinated" by its design, but criticized the "insensitive and callous misuse of another religion’s artistic vocabulary and symbolic grammar," claiming it was part of the "'oriental obsession' of the otherwise 'puritanical' Europeans and Americans." ^[13] Musicians having performed at the Syria Mosque included Bruce Springsteen, Louis Armstrong, Bob Dylan, Pink Floyd, Jimmy Buffett, and The Beach Boys. Political event hosts included Reagan, Nixon, Truman, and Kennedy. Despite efforts to conserve the building as a historic landmark, the Syria Mosque was torn down in 1991. ^[14]

Women's auxiliaries

Daughters of the Nile at Shriners Hospital for Children – Canada in Montreal in 1948.

The Ladies Oriental Shrine of North America was founded in 1903 in Wheeling, West Virginia, ^[15] and the Daughters of the Nile was founded in 1913 in Seattle, Washington. ^[16] Both are for women only and they support the Shriners Hospitals and promote sociability. Membership in either organization is open to any woman 18 years of age and older who is related to a Shriner or Master Mason by birth or marriage. The latter organization has local branches called "Temples," and there were ten of these in 1922. Among the famous members of the Daughters of the Nile was First Lady Florence Harding, wife of Warren G. Harding. ^[17]

Growth

By 1938 there were about 340,000 members in the United States. That year, Life published photographs of the Shriners' rites. It described the Shriners as being the first in prestige, wealth and show among secret societies, and that Shriners organizations typically include a town's most prominent citizens. ^[18]

Organizational rebranding

In 2002, following the September 11 attacks, the "faux-Middle Eastern practices and trappings" led Shriners to be "mistaken for a Muslim organization, leading to harassment and vandalism." ^[19] This included threatening phone calls and harassment of Rhode Island Shriners (formerly known as Palestine Temple Shriners) driving a Shriners van to drive sick children to Shriner hospitals. ^[19]

By 2011, Shriners removed much of the Middle Eastern theming, both locally ^[19] and within the broader organization. ^[4] This was in continued response to "the events of Sept. 11, 2001 and subsequent military conflicts." ^[4] Changes included renaming the organization from "Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine" to "Shriners International;" renaming the "Arabic Patrol" to "The Patrol" and removing the word Syria from Syria Shriners vanity plates. Despite these changes, the Illustrious Potentate of Pittsburgh's Syria Shrine chapter stated that "pretty much all non-atheists are welcome, including Muslims." ^[4]

Membership

Historically, a Mason had to complete either the Scottish Rite or York Rite systems to be eligible for membership in the Shrine. ^[20]

In 1991, brick-mason Michael G. Vaughan filed a lawsuit against the Oleika Shrine Temple in Lexington, Kentucky, for hazing practices to which he said he was subjected in his efforts to become a Shriner. In court, Vaughan told jurors that in June 1989, he was blindfolded and received a jolt of electricity that was applied to his bare buttocks as part of the Shriners' initiation rites. He said he was forced to walk on an electric mat that was meant to simulate the hot sands of the Sahara, and that he was knocked unconscious and received other injuries during his initiation.

Vaughan said the initiation left him humiliated and embarrassed, and caused him to suffer anxiety, nightmares, and a sleep disorder. ^[21] After two hours of deliberation, the jury rejected the claim. ^[22]

Architecture

Some of the earliest Shrine Centers often chose a Moorish Revival style for their Temples. Architecturally notable Shriners Temples include: the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles; the former Mecca Temple, now called New York City Center and used primarily as a concert hall; Newark Symphony Hall; the Landmark Theater (formerly The Mosque) in Richmond, Virginia; the Tripoli Shrine Temple in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; the Polly Rosenbaum Building (formerly the El Zaribah Shrine Auditorium) in Phoenix; the Helena Civic Center (Montana) (formerly the Algeria Shrine Temple); Abou Ben Adhem Shrine Mosque in Springfield, Missouri; Murat Shrine Temple (now Old National Center) in Indianapolis; the Fox Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia, which was jointly built between the Atlanta Shriners and movie mogul William Fox; and the Syria Mosque in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Philanthropy

Shriners Hospitals for Children

Main article: Shriners Hospitals for Children

The Shrine's charitable arm is the Shriners Hospitals for Children, a network of 22 healthcare facilities in the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

In June 1920, the Imperial Council Session voted to establish a Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children to treat orthopedic injuries and conditions, diseases, burns, spinal cord injuries, and birth defects, such as cleft lip and palate, in children. ^{[23] [24]} The first hospital opened in 1922 in Shreveport, Louisiana. By the end of the decade 13 more hospitals were operational. ^[24]

Any child under the age of 18 can be admitted to the hospital if a doctor determines the child can be treated. ^{[24] [25]} There is no requirement for religion, race or relationship to a Shriner.

Until June 2012, all care at Shriners Hospitals was provided without charge to patients and their families. At that time, because the size of their endowment had decreased due to losses in the stock market, Shriners Hospitals started billing patients' insurance companies, but continued to offer free care to children without insurance. Shriners hospitals waive all costs insurance does not cover. Shriners Hospitals for Children is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. ^[23]

Shriners Hospitals for Children are located in these cities^{[ clarification needed ]}: ^[26]

• Boston, MA
• Chicago, IL
• Dayton, OH
• Erie, PA*
• Galveston, TX
• Greenville, SC
• Honolulu, HI
• Houston, TX
• Lexington, KY*
• Mexico City, MEX
• Minneapolis, MN
• Montreal, CANADA
• Pasadena, CA*
• Philadelphia, PA
• Portland, OR
• Sacramento, CA
• Salt Lake City, UT
• Shreveport, LA
• Spokane, WA
• Springfield, MA
• St. Louis, MO

*This location is an outpatient, ambulatory care center. ^[26]

Events

A Shriner clown

Shriners host the annual East–West Shrine Game, a college football all-star game.

The Shriners originally hosted a golf tournament in association with singer/actor Justin Timberlake, called the Justin Timberlake Shriners Hospitals for Children Open, a PGA Tour golf tournament played in Las Vegas, Nevada. ^[27] The relationship between Timberlake and the Shriners ended in 2012, when the Shriners reported that Timberlake was interested in being involved with the organization only when television cameras were present. ^[28] In July 2012, the PGA Tour and Shriners Hospitals for Children announced a five-year title sponsorship extension, carrying the commitment to the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open through 2017. ^[29] The name was changed to The Shriners Hospitals for Children Open and is played in Las Vegas, Nevada. ^[30]

Many Shrine Centers also hold a yearly Shrine Circus as a fundraiser.

Once a year, the fraternity meets for the Imperial Session in a North American city.

Shriners International Imperial Sessions

Shriners International Imperial Sessions

#	Year	City	State/Province	Host Chapter	Imperial Potentate
1	1876	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
2	1877	Albany	NY	Cyprus	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
3	1878	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
4	1879	Albany	NY	Cyprus	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
5	1880	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
6	1880	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
7	1881	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
8	1882	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
9	1883	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
10	1884	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
11	1885	New York	NY	Mecca	Walter M. Fleming (Mecca)
12	1886	Cleveland	OH	Al Koran	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
13	1887	Indianapolis	IN	Murat	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
14	1888	Toronto	Ontario	Rameses	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
15	1889	Chicago	IL	Medinah	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
16	1890	Pittsburgh	PA	Syria	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
17	1891	Niagara Falls	NY	Ismailia	Sam Briggs (Al Koran)
18	1892	Omaha	NE	Tangier	William B. Melish (Syrian)
19	1893	Cincinnati	OH	Syria	William B. Melish (Syrian)
20	1894	Denver	CO	El Jebel	Thomas J. Hudson (Syria)
21	1895	Nantasket Beach	MA	Aleppo	Charles L. Field (Islam)
22	1896	Cleveland	OH	Al Koran	Harrison Dingman (Almas)
23	1897	Detroit	MI	Moslem	Albert B. McGaffey (El Jebel)
24	1898	Dallas	TX	Hella	Ethelbert F. Allen (Ararat)
25	1899	Buffalo	NY	Ismailia	John H. Atwood (Tangier)
26	1900	Washington	DC	Almas	Lou B. Winsor (Saladin)
27	1901	Kansas City	MO	Ararat	Philip C. Shaffer (Lu Lu)
28	1902	San Francisco	CA	Islam	Henry C. Akin (Tangier)
29	1903	Saratoga Springs	NY	Oriental	George L. Brown (Ismailia)
30	1904	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	George L. Brown (Ismailia)
31	1905	Niagara Falls	NY	Ismailia	Henry A. Collins (Rameses)
32	1906	Chicago	IL	Medinah	Alvah P. Clayton (Moila)
33	1907	Los Angeles	CA	Al Malaikah	Frank C. Roundy (Medinah)
34	1908	Saint Paul	MN	Osman	Edwin I. Alderman (El Kahir)
35	1909	Louisville	KY	Kosair	George L. Street (Acca)
36	1910	New Orleans	LA	Jerusalem	Fred A. Hines (Al Malaikah)
37	1911	Rochester	NY	Damascus	John F. Treat (El Zagal)
38	1912	Los Angeles	CA	Al Malaikah	William J. Cunningham (Boumi)
39	1913	Dallas	TX	Hella	William W. Irwin (Osiris)
40	1914	Atlanta	GA	Yaarab	Frederick R. Smith (Damascus)
41	1915	Seattle	WA	Nile	J. Putnam Stevens (Kora)
42	1916	Buffalo	NY	Ismailia	Henry F. Niedringhaus, Jr. (Moolah)
43	1917	Minneapolis	MN	Zurah	Charles E. Ovenshire (Zuhrah)
44	1918	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	Elias J. Jacoby (Murat)
45	1919	Indianapolis	IN	Murat	W. Freeland Kendrick (Lu Lu)
46	1920	Portland	OR	Al Kader	Ellis Lewis Garretson (Afifi)
47	1921	Des Moines	IA	Za-Ga-Zig	Ernest A. Cutts (Alee)
48	1922	San Francisco	CA	Islam	James S. McCandless (Aloha)
49	1923	Washington	DC	Almas	Conrad V. Dykeman (Kismet)
50	1924	Kansas City	MO	Ararat	James E. Chandler (Ararat)
51	1925	Los Angeles	CA	Al Malaikah	James C. Burger (El Jebel)
52	1926	Philadelphia	PA	Lu Lu	David W. Crosland (Alcazar)
53	1927	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	Clarence M. Dunbar (Palestine)
54	1928	Miami	FL	Mahi	Frank C. Jones (Arabia)
55	1929	Los Angeles	CA	Al Malaikah	Leo V. Youngworth (Al Malaikah)
56	1930	Toronto	Ontario	Rameses	Esten A. Fletcher (Damascus)
57	1931	Cleveland	OH	Al Koran	Thomas J. Houston (Medinah)
58	1932	San Francisco	CA	Islam	Earl C. Mills (Za-Ga-Zig)
59	1933	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	John N. Sebrell (Khedive)
60	1934	Minneapolis	MN	Zurah	Dana S. Williams (Kora)
61	1935	Washington	DC	Almas	Leonard P. Steuart (Almas)
62	1936	Seattle	WA	Nile	Clyde I. Webster (Moslem)
63	1937	Detroit	MI	Moslem	Walter Smith Sugden (Osiris)
64	1938	Los Angeles	CA	Al Malaikah	A. A. D. Rahn (Zurah)
65	1939	Baltimore	MD	Boumi	Walter D. Cline (Maskat)
66	1940	Memphis	TN	Al Chymia	George F. Olendorf (Abou Ben Adhem)
67	1941	Indianapolis	IN	Murat	Thomas C. Law (Yaarab)
68	1942	Chicago	IL	Medinah	Albert H. Fiebach (Al Koran)
69	1943	Chicago	IL	Medinah	Morley E. MacKenzie (Rameses)
70	1944	Milwaukee	WI	Tripoli	Alfred G. Arvold (El Zagal)
71	1945	Chicago	IL	Medinah	William H. Woodfield Jr. (Islam)
72	1946	San Francisco	CA	Islam	George H. Bowe (Cyprus)
73	1947	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	Karl Rex Hammers (Syria)
74	1948	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	Gallaway Calhoun (Sharon)
75	1949	Chicago	IL	Medinah	Harold Clayton Lloyd (Al Malaikah)
76	1950	Los Angeles	CA	Al Malaikah	Hubert McNeill Poteat (Sudan)
77	1951	New York	NY	Mecca	Robert Gardiner Wilson, Jr. (Aleppo)
78	1952	Miami	FL	Mahi	Harvey A. Beffa (Moolah)
79	1953	New York	NY	Mecca	Remmie LeRoy Arnold (Acca)
80	1954	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	Frank S. Land (Ararat)
81	1955	Chicago	IL	Medinah	Walter C. Gay (Scimitar)
82	1956	Detroit	MI	Moslem	Gerald D. Crary (Naja)
83	1957	Atlanta	GA	Yaarab	Thomas W. Melham (Zemora)
84	1958	Chicago	IL	Medinah	George E. Stringfellow (Salaam)
85	1959	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	Clayton F. Andrews (El Maida)
86	1960	Denver	CO	El Jebel	George A. Mattison, Jr. (Zamora)
87	1961	Miami	FL	Mahi	Marshall M. (Marsh) Porter (Al Azhar)
88	1962	Toronto	Ontario	Rameses	George M. Klepper, Sr. (Al Chymia)
89	1963	Chicago	IL	Medinah	Harold C. Close (Sphinx)
90	1964	New York	NY	Mecca	O. Carlyle Brock (Zem Zem)
91	1965	Washington	DC	Almas	Barney W. Collins (Anezeh)
92	1966	San Francisco	CA	Islam	Orville F. Rush (Kena)
93	1967	Washington	DC	Almas	Thomas F. Seay (Medinah)
94	1968	Chicago	IL	Medinah	Chester A. Hogan (Nile)
95	1969	Seattle	WA	Nile	J. Worth Baker (Murat)
96	1970	Indianapolis	IN	Murat	Aubrey G. Graham (Khedive)
97	1971	Miami	FL	Mahi	C. Victor Thornton (Moslah)
98	1972	Dallas	TX	Hella	Henry B. Struby (Hadi)
99	1973	Atlanta	GA	Yaarab	J. A. Wingerter (Salaam)
100	1974	Atlantic City	NJ	Crescent	Jack M. Streight (Gizeh)
101	1975	Toronto	Ontario	Rameses	W. W. (Woody) Bennett (Ararat)
102	1976	Kansas City	MO	Arara	Peter Val Preda (Cairo)
103	1977	New York	NY	Mecca	Fred R. Morrison, Sr. (Moslem)
104	1978	Detroit	MI	Moslem	Warren F. Weck, Jr. (Zuhrah)
105	1979	Denver	CO	El Jebel	Charles J. Claypool (Antioch)
106	1980	Milwaukee	WI	Tripoli	F. T. H. Doubler, Jr. (Abou Ben Adhem)
107	1981	New Orleans	LA	Jerusalem	Randolph R. Thomas (Morocco)
108	1982	Orlando	FL	Bahia	Daniel E. Bowers (Mohammed)
109	1983	Denver	CO	El Jebel	Richard B. Olfene (Kora)
110	1984	Boston	MA	Aleppo	V. Gene Bracewell (Yaarab)
111	1985	Atlanta	GA	Yaarab	Walker S. Kisselburgh (Al Malaikah)
112	1986	Los Angeles	CA	Al Malaikah	Russell H. Anthony (El Kahir)
113	1987	Las Vegas	NV	Zelzah	Voris King (Habibi)
114	1988	New Orleans	LA	Jerusalem	Edward G. McMullan (Al Azhar)
115	1989	Toronto	Ontario	Rameses	George Washington Powell (Crescent)
116	1990	Chicago	IL	Medinah	Joseph P. Padgett (Islam)
117	1991	San Francisco	CA	Islam	John W. Dean, III (Lu Lu)
118	1992	Orlando	FL	Bahia	Everett M. Evans (Sharon)
119	1993	San Antonio	TX	Alzafar	Richard L. Bukey (Sabbar)
120	1994	Denver	CO	El Jebel	Burton Ravellette, Jr. (Sahara)
121	1995	Indianapolis	IN	Murat	Robert B. Bailey (Orak)
122	1996	New Orleans	LA	Jerusalem	John D. Vermass (Sesostris)
123	1997	Saint Louis	MO	Moolah	Lewis B. Brantley (Morocco)
124	1998	Orlando	FL	Bahia	John C. Nobles (El Maida)
125	1999	Dallas	TX	Hella	Ralph W. Semb (Melha)
126	2000	Boston	MA	Aleppo	Robert N. Turnipseed (Calam)
127	2001	Las Vegas	NV	Zelzah	Kenneth W. Smith (Gizeh)
128	2002	Vancouver	British Columbia	Gizeh	Charles A. Claypool (Antioch)
129	2003	Minneapolis	MN	Zurah	M. Burton Oien (Al Aska)
130	2004	Denver	CO	El Jebel	Raoull L. Frevel Sr. (Boumi)
131	2005	Baltimore	MD	Boumi	Gary W. Dunwoody (Scimitar)
132	2006	Tampa	FL	Egypt	Nicholas Thomas (Al Malaikah)
133	2007	Anaheim	CA	El Bekal	Bernard J. Lemieux (Zenobia)
134	2008	Saint Louis	MO	Moolah	Douglas E. Maxwell (Moolah)
135	2009	San Antonio	TX	Alzafar	Terry McGuire (Alzafar)
136	2010	Toronto	Ontario	Rameses	George A. Mitchell (Rameses)
137	2011	Denver	CO	El Jebel	Michael G. Severe (El Jebel)
138	2012	Charlotte	NC	Oasis	Alan W. Madsen (Oasis)
139	2013	Indianapolis	IN	Murat	John A. Cinotto (Murat)
140	2014	Minneapolis	MN	Zurah	Dale W. Stauss (Kem)
141	2015	Houston	TX	Arabia	Jerry G. Gantt (Arabia)
142	2016	Tampa	FL	Egypt	Chris Smith (Wahabi)
143	2017	Daytona Beach	FL	Bahia	Gary Bergenske (Bahia)
144	2018	Daytona Beach	FL	Bahia	Jim L. Cain, Sr. (Al Menah)
145	2019	Nashville	TN	Al Menah	Jeffrey L. Sowder (Rameses)
146	2020	Tampa	FL	Egypt	James R. Smith (Ben Hur)
147	2021	Houston	TX	Arabia	William S. “Bill” Bailey (Orak)
148	2022	Minneapolis	MN	Zurah	Kenneth G. "Kenny" Craven (Omar)
149	2023	Charlotte	NC	Oasis	James E. “Ed” Stolze, Jr. (El Zaribah)
150	2024	Reno	NV	Kerak	Richard Burke (Yaarab) [If elected in line]
151	2025	Atlanta	GA	Yaarab	Kevin R. Costello (Cyprus) [If elected in line]
152	2026	Tampa	FL	Egypt

| note = Source: ^[31] }} | note = Source: ^[32] }} | note = Source: ^[33] }} | note = Source: ^[34] }}

Controversies

In 2008, an investigative committee established by the joint boards of the Shriners of North America fraternal organization and the Shriners Hospitals for Children found that Ralph Semb, chairman of the Shriners Hospitals Board of Trustees, had unilaterally tried to fire fund-raising executive Edgar McGonigal. McGonigal had declined to hire a direct-mail company indirectly linked to Gene Bracewell, the imperial treasurer of the fraternal organization. McGonigal said he did not hire the company because of its ties to a financial company that had performed poorly in previous dealings. The committee found that Semb and Bracewell had violated the organizations' conflict of interest policy and their ethics code and recommended that Semb and Bracewell be reprimanded. The report included accusations of financial improprieties within the organization, including not reporting benefits Shriners leaders received as income and knowingly filing incorrect tax forms for the hospitals. Other Shriners came forward with additional complaints, including the mixing of charitable and noncharitable assets and the disappearance of money raised for the hospitals. ^[35]

Shriners International has drawn criticism from animal welfare organizations for allowing member clubs to host circuses featuring animals. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has staged protests during circus performances for more than a decade, expressing concern over the poor treatment animals receive in the care of the companies that the Shriners lease from, such as Carson & Barnes. ^{[36] [37]} The Pittsburgh Shrine Circus stopped using animals in 2019, and the Moolah Shrine Circus in Missouri stopped using elephants in 2023. ^{[38] [39]}

See also

• Society portal

• Iowa Corn Song
• Masonic bodies
• Military Order of the Cootie
• Order of Quetzalcoatl
• Royal Order of Jesters
• "Shriner's Convention", a country-and-western novelty song

References

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3. "Fun With Purpose" Archived 2017-11-15 at the Wayback Machine Shriners International. Retrieved on August 7, 2011.
4. Sostek, Anya (10 April 2011). "Shriners shed many Middle Eastern references while continuing traditions such as the circus". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
5. Shriners of North America. A Short History: Shriners of North America and Shriners Hospitals. September 2004 edition, pp. 3–4.
6. Shriners of North America. A Short History: Shriners of North America and Shriners Hospitals. September 2004 edition, p. 5.
7. Shriners of North America. A Short History: Shriners of North America and Shriners Hospitals. September 2004 edition, p. 6.
8. Shriners of North America. A Short History: Shriners of North America and Shriners Hospitals. September 2004 edition, p. 8.
9. "AEAONMS - History". aeaonms.org. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
10. "ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARABIC ORDER OF NOBLES OF THE MYSTIC SHRINE et al. v. MICHAUX et al". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
11. "Eyewitness: 1949 / TV makes Pittsburgh 'A New Promise'". Post-gazette.com. 2010-05-16. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
12. "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
13. "Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe". publishing.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
14. "Historic Pittsburgh 1991". pitt.edu. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
15. Ladies Oriental Shrine of North America. Accessed November 6, 2011.
16. "About Us" Archived 2011-12-01 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed November 6, 2011.
17. Preuss, Arthur A Dictionary of Secret and other Societies St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co. 1924; republished Detroit: Gale Reference Company 1966; p. 106.
18. "The Shriners / "Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles" Reveals its Pageantry". Life. 1938-05-16. p. 50. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
19. Neidorf, Shawn (October 21, 2002). "Harassed, insulted, Shriners pay price for Islam imagery". Chicago Tribune .
20. "Abd El Kader's Masonic Friends" (PDF). The New York Times . 1883-06-07. p. 8. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
21. "Man sues Shriners over initiation injuries Trial exposes secret ritual in which electric shock is used on initiates". The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 14 December 2021.
22. "Jury Rejects Man's Claim He Was Hurt in Shriners' Initiation Rite". AP NEWS. December 13, 1991. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
23. "Shriners Hospitals for Children and Joffrey's Coffee & Tea Company launch new Rise and Shrine blend that benefits the health care system". Shrinershospitalsforchildren.org. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
24. International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 69. St. James Press, 2005.
25. "Shriners Hospitals for Children About Us". Shriners Hospitals. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
26. "Shriners Hospitals for Children Locations". Shrinershospitalsforchildren.org. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
27. "Justin Timberlake Shriners Hospitals for Children Open" Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine , Sunday, September 25, 2011 - Sunday, October 2, 2011, Las Vegas, NV 89134. Shriners International. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
28. "Justin Timberlake and Shriners break charity golf ties", Usatoday.com, October 2, 2012.
29. "Shriners Hospitals for Children Extends Tournament Sponsorship" Archived 2014-07-25 at the Wayback Machine , Monday, July 2, 2012.
30. "2013 Shriners Hospitals for Children Open.", Shrinershospitalsopen.com, Retrieved January 2, 2013.
31. "Shriners International Imperial Session History" . Retrieved 23 September 2023.
32. "Al Chymia Shrine Newsletter Archive" . Retrieved 23 September 2023.
33. "History of the Imperial Council Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine for North America SECOND EDITION 1872-1921" . Retrieved 23 September 2023.
34. "Parade To Glory - Fred Van Deventer" . Retrieved 23 September 2023.
35. Strom, Stephanie (25 July 2008). "Report on Shriners Raises Question of Wrongdoing". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
36. Rhinehard, Chelsea. "PETA Accuses Shrine Circus of Animal Abuse", SanAngeloLIVE.com, 3 November 2013
37. Mancini, Ralph. "PETA protests animal circuses in Summerville", The Summerville Journal Scene, 8 February 2023
38. "PETA: Shriners Circus to stop featuring animals in Pittsburgh Shrine Circus", WTAE, 14 June 2019.
39. White, Robyn. "Missouri's Moolah Circus Elephants to 'Roam the Land' After Retirement", Newsweek, 9 January 2023.

External links

• Media related to Shriners at Wikimedia Commons
• Official website