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The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, but the precise taxonomy and systematics are likely to change with ongoing research.
The Cassidinae are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. The antennae arise close to each other and some members have the pronotal and elytral edges extended to the side and covering the legs so as to give them the common name of tortoise beetles. Some members, such as in the tribe Hispini, are notable for the spiny outgrowths to the pronotum and elytra.
Charidotella sexpunctata, the golden tortoise beetle, is a species of beetle in the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae. It is native to the Americas, and very broadly distributed.
Cassida is a large Old World genus of tortoise beetles in the subfamily Cassidinae. The natural history of Cassida sphaerula in South Africa is a typical life cycle. Several species of Cassida are important agricultural pests, in particular C. vittata and C. nebulosa on sugar beet and spinach. The thistle tortoise beetle has been used as a biological control agent against Canada thistle.
The thistle tortoise beetle is a species of beetle in the subfamily Cassidinae and the genus Cassida. The thistle tortoise beetle can be recognized by its green, rounded back and it can be found on thistle plants in many regions of North America and Europe. The thistle tortioise beetle was first discovered in 1902 in Lévis, Quebec. In 1931, Nellie F. Paterson was the first to document the mature larva. Later, the instar larva of this species was first recorded in 2004 by Jolanta Świętojańska. The thistle tortoise beetle exhibits multiple defense behaviors, such as a flexible shield, providing a barrier against the mandibles of predators, and an excretion that protects the eggs as well.
Acromis spinifex is a species of tortoise beetle from South America. The males have enlarged elytra which are probably used in male–male combat, while females are among the few tortoise beetles to show maternal care of their offspring.
The fecal shield is a structure formed by the larvae of many species of beetles in the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae. It is composed of the frass of the insect and often its exuviae, or bits of shed exoskeleton. The beetle may carry the shield on its back or wield it upon its posterior end. The main function of the fecal shield is defense against predators. Other terms for the fecal shield noted in the literature include "larval clothing", "kotanhang", "faecal mask", "faecal pad", and "exuvio-faecal annex".
Harmonia octomaculata is a species of ladybird of the family Coccinellidae. It is found throughout India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Micronesia, and Australia.
Leptispa pygmaea, commonly known as rice leaf beetle, or rice blue beetle, is a species of leaf beetle native to India and Sri Lanka. It is a major pest of Asian rice.
Platypria (Platypria) hystrix, is a species of leaf beetle found in India, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam.
Platypria (Platypria) echidna, is a species of leaf beetle found India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Vietnam.
Aspidimorpha dorsata, commonly known as golden tortoise beetle or furcated tortoise beetle, is a species of leaf beetle widely distributed in Oriental region from Sri Lanka to South China towards Java, and Borneo.
Epistictina reicheana, is a species of leaf beetle found in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Tasmania.
Laccoptera (Laccopteroidea) quatuordecimnotata, is a species of leaf beetle native to India, and Sri Lanka.
Notosacantha vicaria is a species of leaf beetle native to India, and Sri Lanka.
Callispa minima, is a species of leaf beetle found in Sri Lanka.
The Neotropical tortoise beetle tribe Spilophorini comprises two genera, Calyptocephala Chevrolat, 1836 and Spilophora Boheman, 1850. Biological information is limited but the life cycle includes six larval instars and the larvae construct a shield of their cast skins.
Chelymorpha alternans, the neotropical tortoise beetle, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae and the Cassidinae subfamily. Its name is derived from its body shape and patterning. The first half of its name, Chelymorpha, means 'turtle/tortoise form' while the second part, alternans, means 'alternating'.
References
- ↑ "New records of Asian and Australopapuan Cassidinae, with a description of five new species of Cassida L. from Thailand (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)". Genus Vol. 12(4): 493-562 Wroc³aw, 28 XII 2001. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
- ↑ "An interesting discovery of the tortoise beetles Aspidimorpha deusta and Silana farinosa in Borneo (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)". www.cabi.org. 2006. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "A biological study of Silana farinosa, A pest of Murraya koenigii" (PDF). Vidyodaya I. Arts. Sci. Lett. Vol. 7.No. 3 1979, pp. 75-85. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Biology of Silana farinosa (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a new pest of Murraya koenigii Thw. (Rutaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia". Malayan Nature lourtul 1.997, 50: 767 - L71. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
- ↑ "Notes on the Life History and Habits of the Curry-leaf Beetle, Silana farinosa, Boh". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ↑ Mohamed S, Mohamedsaid; Ahmad S, Sajap (1996). "Silana farinosa, a new generic record of tortoise beetle for Malaysia (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)". Malayan Nature Journal (Malaysia). Retrieved 2021-09-26.