Singular integral

In mathematics, singular integrals are central to harmonic analysis and are intimately connected with the study of partial differential equations. Broadly speaking a singular integral is an integral operator

${\displaystyle T(f)(x)=\int K(x,y)f(y)\,dy,}$

whose kernel function K : Rⁿ×Rⁿ → R is singular along the diagonal x = y. Specifically, the singularity is such that |K(x, y)| is of size |x − y|⁻ⁿ asymptotically as |x − y| → 0. Since such integrals may not in general be absolutely integrable, a rigorous definition must define them as the limit of the integral over |y − x| > ε as ε → 0, but in practice this is a technicality. Usually further assumptions are required to obtain results such as their boundedness on L^p(Rⁿ).

The Hilbert transform

Main article: Hilbert transform

The archetypal singular integral operator is the Hilbert transform H. It is given by convolution against the kernel K(x) = 1/(πx) for x in R. More precisely,

${\displaystyle H(f)(x)={\frac {1}{\pi }}\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0}\int _{|x-y|>\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{x-y}}f(y)\,dy.}$

The most straightforward higher dimension analogues of these are the Riesz transforms, which replace K(x) = 1/x with

${\displaystyle K_{i}(x)={\frac {x_{i}}{|x|^{n+1}}}}$

where i = 1, ..., n and ${\displaystyle x_{i}}$ is the i-th component of x in Rⁿ. All of these operators are bounded on L^p and satisfy weak-type (1, 1) estimates. ^[1]

Singular integrals of convolution type

Main article: Singular integral operators of convolution type

A singular integral of convolution type is an operator T defined by convolution with a kernel K that is locally integrable on Rⁿ\{0}, in the sense that

${\displaystyle T(f)(x)=\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0}\int _{|y-x|>\varepsilon }K(x-y)f(y)\,dy.}$

(1)

Suppose that the kernel satisfies:

1. The size condition on the Fourier transform of K

   ${\displaystyle {\hat {K}}\in L^{\infty }(\mathbf {R} ^{n})}$

2. The smoothness condition: for some C > 0,

   ${\displaystyle \sup _{y\neq 0}\int _{|x|>2|y|}|K(x-y)-K(x)|\,dx\leq C.}$

Then it can be shown that T is bounded on L^p(Rⁿ) and satisfies a weak-type (1, 1) estimate.

Property 1. is needed to ensure that convolution ( 1 ) with the tempered distribution p.v. K given by the principal value integral

${\displaystyle \operatorname {p.v.} \,\,K[\phi ]=\lim _{\epsilon \to 0^{+}}\int _{|x|>\epsilon }\phi (x)K(x)\,dx}$

is a well-defined Fourier multiplier on L². Neither of the properties 1. or 2. is necessarily easy to verify, and a variety of sufficient conditions exist. Typically in applications, one also has a cancellation condition

${\displaystyle \int _{R_{1}<|x|<R_{2}}K(x)\,dx=0,\ \forall R_{1},R_{2}>0}$

which is quite easy to check. It is automatic, for instance, if K is an odd function. If, in addition, one assumes 2. and the following size condition

${\displaystyle \sup _{R>0}\int _{R<|x|<2R}|K(x)|\,dx\leq C,}$

then it can be shown that 1. follows.

The smoothness condition 2. is also often difficult to check in principle, the following sufficient condition of a kernel K can be used:

• ${\displaystyle K\in C^{1}(\mathbf {R} ^{n}\setminus \{0\})}$
• ${\displaystyle |\nabla K(x)|\leq {\frac {C}{|x|^{n+1}}}}$

Observe that these conditions are satisfied for the Hilbert and Riesz transforms, so this result is an extension of those result. ^[2]

Singular integrals of non-convolution type

These are even more general operators. However, since our assumptions are so weak, it is not necessarily the case that these operators are bounded on L^p.

Calderón–Zygmund kernels

A function K : Rⁿ×Rⁿ → R is said to be a Calderón–Zygmund kernel if it satisfies the following conditions for some constants C > 0 and δ > 0. ^[2]

1. ${\displaystyle |K(x,y)|\leq {\frac {C}{|x-y|^{n}}}}$

2. ${\displaystyle |K(x,y)-K(x',y)|\leq {\frac {C|x-x'|^{\delta }}{{\bigl (}|x-y|+|x'-y|{\bigr )}^{n+\delta }}}{\text{ whenever }}|x-x'|\leq {\frac {1}{2}}\max {\bigl (}|x-y|,|x'-y|{\bigr )}}$

3. ${\displaystyle |K(x,y)-K(x,y')|\leq {\frac {C|y-y'|^{\delta }}{{\bigl (}|x-y|+|x-y'|{\bigr )}^{n+\delta }}}{\text{ whenever }}|y-y'|\leq {\frac {1}{2}}\max {\bigl (}|x-y'|,|x-y|{\bigr )}}$

Singular integrals of non-convolution type

T is said to be a singular integral operator of non-convolution type associated to the Calderón–Zygmund kernel K if

${\displaystyle \int g(x)T(f)(x)\,dx=\iint g(x)K(x,y)f(y)\,dy\,dx,}$

whenever f and g are smooth and have disjoint support. ^[2] Such operators need not be bounded on L^p

Calderón–Zygmund operators

A singular integral of non-convolution type T associated to a Calderón–Zygmund kernel K is called a Calderón–Zygmund operator when it is bounded on L², that is, there is a C > 0 such that

${\displaystyle \|T(f)\|_{L^{2}}\leq C\|f\|_{L^{2}},}$

for all smooth compactly supported ƒ.

It can be proved that such operators are, in fact, also bounded on all L^p with 1 < p < ∞.

The T(b) theorem

The T(b) theorem provides sufficient conditions for a singular integral operator to be a Calderón–Zygmund operator, that is for a singular integral operator associated to a Calderón–Zygmund kernel to be bounded on L². In order to state the result we must first define some terms.

A normalised bump is a smooth function φ on Rⁿ supported in a ball of radius 1 and centred at the origin such that |∂^α φ(x)| ≤ 1, for all multi-indices |α| ≤ n + 2. Denote by τ^x(φ)(y) = φ(y − x) and φ_r(x) = r⁻ⁿφ(x/r) for all x in Rⁿ and r > 0. An operator is said to be weakly bounded if there is a constant C such that

${\displaystyle \left|\int T{\bigl (}\tau ^{x}(\varphi _{r}){\bigr )}(y)\tau ^{x}(\psi _{r})(y)\,dy\right|\leq Cr^{-n}}$

for all normalised bumps φ and ψ. A function is said to be accretive if there is a constant c > 0 such that Re(b)(x) ≥ c for all x in R. Denote by M_b the operator given by multiplication by a function b.

The T(b) theorem states that a singular integral operator T associated to a Calderón–Zygmund kernel is bounded on L² if it satisfies all of the following three conditions for some bounded accretive functions b₁ and b₂: ^[3]

1. ${\displaystyle M_{b_{2}}TM_{b_{1}}}$ is weakly bounded;
2. ${\displaystyle T(b_{1})}$ is in BMO;
3. ${\displaystyle T^{t}(b_{2}),}$ is in BMO, where T^t is the transpose operator of T.

See also

• Singular integral operators on closed curves

Notes

1. Stein, Elias (1993). "Harmonic Analysis". Princeton University Press.
2. Grafakos, Loukas (2004), "7", Classical and Modern Fourier Analysis, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
3. David; Semmes; Journé (1985). "Opérateurs de Calderón–Zygmund, fonctions para-accrétives et interpolation" (in French). Vol. 1. Revista Matemática Iberoamericana. pp. 1–56.

References

• Calderon, A. P.; Zygmund, A. (1952), "On the existence of certain singular integrals", Acta Mathematica , 88 (1): 85–139, doi: 10.1007/BF02392130 , ISSN   0001-5962, MR   0052553, Zbl   0047.10201 .
• Calderon, A. P.; Zygmund, A. (1956), "On singular integrals", American Journal of Mathematics , The Johns Hopkins University Press, 78 (2): 289–309, doi:10.2307/2372517, ISSN   0002-9327, JSTOR   2372517, MR   0084633, Zbl   0072.11501 .
• Coifman, Ronald; Meyer, Yves (1997), Wavelets: Calderón-Zygmund and multilinear operators, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, vol. 48, Cambridge University Press, pp. xx+315, ISBN   0-521-42001-6, MR   1456993, Zbl   0916.42023 .
• Mikhlin, Solomon G. (1948), "Singular integral equations", UMN, 3 (25): 29–112, MR   0027429 (in Russian).
• Mikhlin, Solomon G. (1965), Multidimensional singular integrals and integral equations, International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 83, Oxford–London–Edinburgh–New York City–Paris–Frankfurt: Pergamon Press, pp. XII+255, MR   0185399, Zbl   0129.07701 .
• Mikhlin, Solomon G.; Prössdorf, Siegfried (1986), Singular Integral Operators, Berlin–Heidelberg–New York City: Springer Verlag, p. 528, ISBN   0-387-15967-3, MR   0867687, Zbl   0612.47024 , (European edition: ISBN   3-540-15967-3).
• Stein, Elias (1970), Singular integrals and differentiability properties of functions, Princeton Mathematical Series, vol. 30, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. XIV+287, ISBN   0-691-08079-8, MR   0290095, Zbl   0207.13501

External links

• Stein, Elias M. (October 1998). "Singular Integrals: The Roles of Calderón and Zygmund" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society . 45 (9): 1130–1140.