The Sojomerto inscription is an inscription discovered in Sojomerto village, Reban, Batang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Written in Old Malay using the Kawi script, it was initially dated to c. the 7th century, [1] but later redated, on palaeographic grounds, to the early 9th century. [2] The inscription is currently in situ or on location. [3]
The inscription is Shivaist in nature, [1] talking about the head of a noble family named Dapunta Selendra, the son of Santanu and Bhadrawati, the husband of Sampula. Boechari speculates that Dapunta Selendra was the progenitor of the Sailendras, an influential family who would later rule Mataram and Srivijaya. Recent investigation concluded that the name Selendra mentioned in this inscription likely has no relation with Sailendra. [4]
The inscription was carved on an andesite stone 43 cm wide, 7 cm thick, and 78 cm tall. [5] The text consists of 11 lines, most of them being unclear and eroded.
Line | Transliteration |
---|---|
1 | ... – ryayon çrî sata ... |
2 | ... _ â kotî |
3 | ... namah ççîvaya |
4 | bhatâra parameçva |
5 | ra sarvva daiva ku samvah hiya |
6 | – mih inan –is-ânda dapû |
7 | nta selendra namah santanû |
8 | namânda bâpanda bhadravati |
9 | namanda ayanda sampûla |
10 | namanda vininda selendra namah |
11 | amâgappâsar lempewângih [6] |
... beribu-ribu ... ... namaḥ Śivāya, Betara Parameswara dan serba Dewa aku sembah. Hiyaṃ ... miḥ adalah ... kepada Ḍapunta Selendra. Santanū namanya bapanya. Bhadravati namanya ibunya. Sampūla namanya bininya tuan Selendra. ...
Praise to Lord Shiva Bhatara Parameshvara and all the gods ... from the honorable Dapunta Selendra Santanu is the name of his father, Bhadrawati is the name of his mother, Sampula is the name of the wife of noble Selendra.
This inscription concluded that the family of Dapunta Selendra settled on the north coast of Central Java, speaks Old Malay, and are Shivaist Hindus.
The discovery of the inscription has led to the development of theories proposing a Sumatran origin of the Sailendras, and also with the possibility of their initial establishment at the north coast of Central Java before moving inland to the Kedu Plain. Just like the Sojomerto Inscription, some of Sailendra's inscriptions of the later period—although discovered in Central Java—are also written in Old Malay instead of Old Javanese, which suggested Sumatran connections. The name 'Selendra' mentioned in the inscription as "Dapunta Selendra" suggests a reference to the ancestor of the Sailendra dynasty. The title 'Dapunta' is similar to those of Srivijayan kings such as Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, which suggests a Srivijayan connection to the Sailendra family. The family was first settled in Central Java's northern coast around the Batang and Pekalongan regency, they were initially Hindu Shivaist. At a certain point in time, they moved southward and established themselves in the Kedu Plain and later probably converted to Mahayana Buddhism.
Another interpretation suggests that the family was probably ethnically Javanese, but had Srivijayan connections. The ruling family was probably a local ruler but was somehow subjugated by Srivijaya through invasion and served as its vassal. The early Sailendras possibly belonged within Srivijaya's mandala or sphere of influence. Previously known through the Kota Kapur inscription (686 CE) Srivijaya launched a series of military campaigns against Bhumi Java, which also corresponds to the fall of the Tarumanagara kingdom in West Java.
Investigation by Zakharov (2012) concluded that the "Selendra" mentioned in the inscription likely has nothing to do with the Sailendra dynasty: The inscription mentions the words hakairu and daiva which have the diphthong ai, so that diphthong should also be used in the name Dapunta Selendra. However, this theory is obsolete because there is no data on the existence of the Shailendra dynasty in Sumatra earlier than the 9th century and Srivijaya was unable to conquer Java. According to Damais, the Sojomerto Inscription dates from the 8th century, placing it after the Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 CE). What happened was the opposite—the Shailendra dynasty subdued Srivijaya and its area of control on the Malay peninsula. [4] : 22–27
The 7th century is the period from 601 through 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era.
Srivijaya, also spelled Sri Vijaya, was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra that influenced much of Southeast Asia. Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 7th to 11th century AD. Srivijaya was the first polity to dominate much of western Maritime Southeast Asia. Due to its location, Srivijaya developed complex technology utilizing maritime resources. In addition, its economy became progressively reliant on the booming trade in the region, thus transforming it into a prestige goods-based economy.
The Shailendra dynasty was the name of a notable Indianised dynasty that emerged in 8th-century Java, whose reign signified a cultural renaissance in the region. The Shailendras were active promoters of Mahayana Buddhism and covered the Kedu Plain of Central Java with Buddhist monuments, one of which is the colossal stupa of Borobudur, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Mataram Kingdom ; also known as Medang Kingdom was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries. It was based in Central Java, and later in East Java. Established by King Sanjaya, the kingdom was ruled by the Shailendra dynasty and Ishana dynasty.
The Sanjaya dynasty was a Javanese dynasty which ruled the Mataram Kingdom in Java during the first millennium CE. The dynasty promoted Hinduism on the island.
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