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Sound measurements | |
---|---|
Characteristic | Symbols |
Sound pressure | p, SPL, LPA |
Particle velocity | v, SVL |
Particle displacement | δ |
Sound intensity | I, SIL |
Sound power | P, SWL, LWA |
Sound energy | W |
Sound energy density | w |
Sound exposure | E, SEL |
Acoustic impedance | Z |
Audio frequency | AF |
Transmission loss | TL |
Sound power or acoustic power is the rate at which sound energy is emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time. [1] It is defined [2] as "through a surface, the product of the sound pressure, and the component of the particle velocity, at a point on the surface in the direction normal to the surface, integrated over that surface." The SI unit of sound power is the watt (W). [1] It relates to the power of the sound force on a surface enclosing a sound source, in air.
For a sound source, unlike sound pressure, sound power is neither room-dependent nor distance-dependent. Sound pressure is a property of the field at a point in space, while sound power is a property of a sound source, equal to the total power emitted by that source in all directions. Sound power passing through an area is sometimes called sound flux or acoustic flux through that area.
Regulations often specify a method for measurement [3] that integrates sound pressure over a surface enclosing the source. LWA specifies the power delivered to that surface in decibels relative to one picowatt. Devices (e.g., a vacuum cleaner) often have labeling requirements and maximum amounts they are allowed to produce. The A-weighting scale is used in the calculation as the metric is concerned with the loudness as perceived by the human ear. Measurements [4] in accordance with ISO 3744 are taken at 6 to 12 defined points around the device in a hemi-anechoic space. The test environment can be located indoors or outdoors. The required environment is on hard ground in a large open space or hemi-anechoic chamber (free-field over a reflecting plane.)
Here is a table of some examples, from an on-line source. [5] For omnidirectional sources in free space, sound power in LwA is equal to sound pressure level in dB above 20 micropascals at a distance of 0.2821 m [6]
Situation and sound source | Sound power (W) | Sound power level (dB ref 10−12 W) |
---|---|---|
Saturn V rocket [7] | 100000000 | 200 |
Project Artemis Sonar | 1000000 | 180 |
Turbojet engine | 100000 | 170 |
Turbofan aircraft at take-off | 1000 | 150 |
Turboprop aircraft at take-off | 100 | 140 |
Machine gun Large pipe organ | 10 | 130 |
Symphony orchestra Heavy thunder Sonic boom | 1 | 120 |
Rock concert (1970s) Chain saw Accelerating motorcycle | 0.1 | 110 |
Lawn mower Car at highway speed Subway steel wheels | 0.01 | 100 |
Large diesel vehicle | 0.001 | 90 |
Loud alarm clock | 0.0001 | 80 |
Relatively quiet vacuum cleaner | 10−5 | 70 |
Hair dryer | 10−6 | 60 |
Radio or TV | 10−7 | 50 |
Refrigerator Low voice | 10−8 | 40 |
Quiet conversation | 10−9 | 30 |
Whisper of one person Wristwatch ticking | 10−10 | 20 |
Human breath of one person | 10−11 | 10 |
Reference value | 10−12 | 0 |
Sound power, denoted P, is defined by [8]
where
In a medium, the sound power is given by
where
For example, a sound at SPL = 85 dB or p = 0.356 Pa in air (ρ = 1.2 kg⋅m−3 and c = 343 m⋅s−1) through a surface of area A = 1 m2 normal to the direction of propagation (θ = 0°) has a sound energy flux P = 0.3 mW.
This is the parameter one would be interested in when converting noise back into usable energy, along with any losses in the capturing device.
Sound power is related to sound intensity:
where
Sound power is related sound energy density:
where
Sound power level (SWL) or acoustic power level is a logarithmic measure of the power of a sound relative to a reference value.
Sound power level, denoted LW and measured in dB, [9] is defined by: [10]
where
The commonly used reference sound power in air is [11]
The proper notations for sound power level using this reference are LW/(1 pW) or LW (re 1 pW), but the suffix notations dB SWL, dB(SWL), dBSWL, or dBSWL are very common, even if they are not accepted by the SI. [12]
The reference sound power P0 is defined as the sound power with the reference sound intensity I0 = 1 pW/m2 passing through a surface of area A0 = 1 m2:
hence the reference value P0 = 1 pW.
The generic calculation of sound power from sound pressure is as follows:
where: defines the area of a surface that wholly encompasses the source. This surface may be any shape, but it must fully enclose the source.
In the case of a sound source located in free field positioned over a reflecting plane (i.e. the ground), in air at ambient temperature, the sound power level at distance r from the sound source is approximately related to sound pressure level (SPL) by [13]
where
Derivation of this equation:
For a progressive spherical wave,
where z0 is the characteristic specific acoustic impedance.
Consequently,
and since by definition I0 = p02/z0, where p0 = 20 μPa is the reference sound pressure,
The sound power estimated practically does not depend on distance. The sound pressure used in the calculation may be affected by distance due to viscous effects in the propagation of sound unless this is accounted for.
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