The Cladoniaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. It is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, with about 560 species distributed amongst 17 genera. The reindeer moss and cup lichens (Cladonia) belong to this family. The latter genus, which comprises about 500 species, forms a major part of the diet of large mammals in taiga and tundra ecosystems. Many Cladoniaceae lichens grow on soil, but other can use decaying wood, tree trunks, and, in a few instances, rocks as their substrate. They grow in places with high humidity, and cannot tolerate aridity.
The Leotiomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi. Many of them cause serious plant diseases.
The Peltigeraceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales. The Peltigeraceae, which contains 15 genera and about 600 species, has recently (2018) been emended to include the families Lobariaceae and Nephromataceae. Many Peltigeraceae species have large and conspicuous, leathery thalli. They largely occur in cool-temperate to tropical montane climates. Tripartite thalli involving fungus, green algae and cyanobacteria are common in this family.
The Lichinaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi. Most species are lichenized with cyanobacteria, and have a distribution largely in temperate regions.
Microcalicium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the order Pertusariales. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Microcaliciaceae. These taxa were circumscribed by the Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio in 1927, with Microcalicium disseminatum assigned as the type species.
Heterocyphelium is a lichen genus in the family Lecanographaceae. It was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio in 1927, with H. leucampyx assigned as the type species. The genus remained monotypic until a new species, H. triseptatum, was described in 2017 from collections made in Brazil.
Vainionora is a genus of lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. The genus, which was circumscribed in 1991 by German lichenologist Klaus Kalb, honours the Finnish lichenologist Edvard Vainio, who described the type species as Lecanora pallidostraminea in 1890.
Leprocollema is a genus of fungi in the family Lichinaceae. It was circumscribed in 1890 by lichenologist Edvard August Vainio. The genus is monotypic, containing only the single species Leprocollema americanum.
Chaenothecopsis is a genus of about 40 species of pin lichens in the family Mycocaliciaceae.
Mycocalicium is a genus of fungi in the family Mycocaliciaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio in 1890.
Arthotheliopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Gomphillaceae. It has 5 species. The genus was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio in 1896, with A. hymenocarpoides assigned as the type species.
Semigyalecta is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Gyalectaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Semigyalecta paradoxa, described as new to science in 1921 by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio.
Tylophorella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the order Arthoniales. The genus has not been placed into a family. Tylophorella was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio in 1890, with Tylophorella polyspora assigned as the type species. T. pyrenocarpoides was added to the genus in 1993.
Edvard August Vainio was a Finnish lichenologist. His early works on the lichens of Lapland, his three-volume monograph on the lichen genus Cladonia, and, in particular, his study of the classification and form and structure of lichens in Brazil, made Vainio renowned internationally in the field of lichenology.
Strigulaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi, one of two families in the order Strigulales. Recent (2020) molecular analysis of the type genus, Strigula, has led to a reallocation of the foliicolous species into six genera that correspond to well-delimited clades with diagnostic phenotype features.
Yoshimuriella is a genus of foliose (leafy) lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. It has nine species.
Phylloblastia is a genus of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichens in the family Verrucariaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1921 by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio, with Phylloblastia dolichospora assigned as the type species.
Thelenellaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole family in the monotypic order Thelenellales, and contains three genera and about 50 species.
Aspidothelium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Thelenellaceae. All species in the genus have a tropical distribution and are crustose with a chlorococcoid photobiont partner. Most Aspidothelium species are foliicolous (leaf-dwelling), although some corticolous (bark-dwelling) species are known, as well as a single saxicolous (rock-dwelling) member.
Teloschistopsis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species.
