Stannide

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A stannide can refer to an intermetallic compound containing tin combined with one or more other metals; an anion consisting solely of tin atoms or a compound containing such an anion, or, in the field of organometallic chemistry an ionic compound containing an organotin anion (e.g.see [1] an alternative name for such a compound is stannanide.)

Contents

Binary alkali and alkaline earth stannides

When tin is combined with an alkali or alkaline earth metal some of the compounds formed have ionic structures containing monatomic or polyatomic tin anions (Zintl ions), such as Sn4− in Mg2Sn [2] or Sn4−
9
in K4Sn9. [3] Even with these metals not all of the compounds formed can be considered to be ionic with localised bonding, for example Sr3Sn5, a metallic compound, contains {Sn5} square pyramidal units. [4]

Ternary alkali and alkaline earth stannides

Ternary (where there is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, a transition metal as well as tin e.g. LiRh3Sn5 [5] and MgRuSn4 [6] ) have been investigated.

Other metal stannides

Binary (involving one other metal) and ternary (involving two other metals) intermetallic stannides have been investigated. Niobium stannide, Nb3Sn is perhaps the best known superconducting tin intermetallics. This is more commonly called "niobium-tin".

There are multiple rare earth stannides, including with dysprosium and yttrium.

Stannide ions, Sny
x

Some examples of stannide Zintl ions are listed below. Some of them contain 2-centre 2-electron bonds (2c-2e), others are "electron deficient" and bonding sometimes can be described using polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory (Wade's rules) where the number of valence electrons contributed by each tin atom is considered to be 2 (the s electrons do not contribute). [7] There are some examples of silicide and plumbide ions with similar structures, for example tetrahedral Si4−
4
, the chain anion (Si2−)n, Pb4−
4
and Pb4−
9
. [2] [8]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carborane</span> Class of chemical compounds

Carboranes are electron-delocalized clusters composed of boron, carbon and hydrogen atoms. Like many of the related boron hydrides, these clusters are polyhedra or fragments of polyhedra. Carboranes are one class of heteroboranes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryptand</span> Cyclic, multidentate ligands adept at encapsulating cations

In chemistry, cryptands are a family of synthetic, bicyclic and polycyclic, multidentate ligands for a variety of cations. The Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1987 was given to Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Charles J. Pedersen for their efforts in discovering and determining uses of cryptands and crown ethers, thus launching the now flourishing field of supramolecular chemistry. The term cryptand implies that this ligand binds substrates in a crypt, interring the guest as in a burial. These molecules are three-dimensional analogues of crown ethers but are more selective and strong as complexes for the guest ions. The resulting complexes are lipophilic.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eduard Zintl</span> German chemist (1898–1941)

Eduard Zintl was a German chemist. He gained prominence for research on intermetallic compounds.

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In organometallic chemistry, a transition metal indenyl complex is a coordination compound that contains one or more indenyl ligands. The indenyl ligand is formally the anion derived from deprotonation of indene. The η5-indenyl ligand is related to the η5cyclopentadienyl anion (Cp), thus indenyl analogues of many cyclopentadienyl complexes are known. Indenyl ligands lack the 5-fold symmetry of Cp, so they exhibit more complicated geometries. Furthermore, some indenyl complexes also exist with only η3-bonding mode. The η5- and η3-bonding modes sometimes interconvert.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plumbide</span> Compound containing a plumbide anion

Plumbide is an anion of lead atoms. There are three plumbide anions, written as Pb, Pb2− and Pb4− with 3 oxidation states, -1, -2 and -4, respectively. A plumbide can refer to one of two things: an intermetallic compound that contains lead, or a Zintl phase compound with lead as the anion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">E. D. Jemmis</span> Indian theoretical chemist

Eluvathingal Devassy Jemmis is a professor of theoretical chemistry at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. He was the founding director of Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM). His primary area of research is applied theoretical chemistry with emphasis on structure, bonding and reactivity, across the periodic table of the elements. Apart from many of his contributions to applied theoretical chemistry, an equivalent of the structural chemistry of carbon, as exemplified by the Huckel 4n+2 Rule, benzenoid aromatics and graphite, and tetrahedral carbon and diamond, is brought in the structural chemistry of boron by the Jemmis mno rules which relates polyhedral and macropolyhedral boranes to allotropes of boron and boron-rich solids. He has been awarded Padma Shri in Science and Engineering category by the Government of India.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Butterfly cluster compound</span>

In the area of metal cluster chemistry, a butterfly cluster compound usually describes tetrametallic clusters containing five M-M bonds. A prototype of this motif is [Re4(CO)16]2−. Most butterfly clusters have additional bridging ligands. One example is the pentaphosphide [[Rh4(CO)5(PPh2)5]] where all Rh---Rh edges are bridged by PPh2. A carbide-containing butterfly cluster is [Fe4C(CO)12]2− where the carbide is bonded to all four Fe centers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metal cluster compound</span> Cluster of three or more metals

Metal cluster compounds are a molecular ion or neutral compound composed of three or more metals and featuring significant metal-metal interactions.

A silicide hydride is a mixed anion compound that contains silicide (Si4− or clusters) and hydride (H) anions. The hydrogen is not bound to silicon in these compounds. These can be classed as interstitial hydrides, Hydrogenated zintl phases, or Zintl phase hydrides. In the related silanides, SiH3 anions or groups occur. Where hydrogen is bonded to the silicon, this is a case of anionic hydride, and where it is bonded to a more complex anion, it would be termed polyanionic hydride.

Arsenidosilicates are chemical compounds that contain anions with arsenic bonded to silicon. They are in the category of tetrelarsenides, pnictidosilicates, or tetrelpnictides. They can be classed as Zintl phases or intermetallics. They are analogous to the nitridosilicates, phosphidosilicates, arsenidogermanates, and arsenidostannates. They are distinct from arsenate silicates which have oxygen connected with arsenic and silicon, or arsenatosilicates with arsenate groups sharing oxygen with silicate.

Arsenidostanates are chemical compounds that contain anions with arsenic bonded to tin. They are in the category of tetrelarsenides, pnictidostancates, or tetrelpnictides.

Thallides are compounds containing anions composed of thallium. There are several thallium atoms in a cluster, and it does not occur as a single Tl in thallides. They are a subclass of trielides, which also includes gallides and indides. A more general classification is polar intermetallics, as clusters contain delocalized multicentre bonds. Thallides were discovered by Eduard Zintl in 1932.

Under standard conditions, the elements dysprosium and tin combine to form a number of intermetallic compounds, the dysprosium stannides. Dysprosium stannides with simple empirical formulas include Dy5Sn3 and DySn2, but four other intermetallics have intermediate composition. None is believed to survive temperatures higher than 1,866 °C (3,391 °F), whereat Dy5Sn3 decomposes. Although dysprosium is a lanthanoid, its f orbitals likely participate in the metallic bonding: mixing dysprosium and tin releases an enthalpy quite different from mixing samarium and tin, with gadolinium and tin intermediate.

Yttrium and tin form several yttrium stannide intermetallic compounds.

References

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