Stephen L. Hoffman

Last updated

Stephen L. Hoffman (born July 31, 1948) is an American physician-scientist, tropical medicine specialist and vaccinologist, who is the founder and chief executive and scientific officer of Sanaria Inc., a company dedicated to developing PfSPZ vaccines to prevent malaria.

Contents

Early life and education

Hoffman was raised initially in Belmar and subsequently in Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey. [1] He graduated from Asbury Park High School in 1966, [2] received a BA in political science from the University of Pennsylvania in 1970, an MD from Cornell University Medical College (now Weill Cornell Medicine) in 1975, [3] and a Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1978. [4] Additionally in 1978, he completed a residency in Family Medicine at the University of California San Diego. [5] He is board certified in Family Medicine and received a Certificate of Knowledge in Clinical Tropical Medicine and Travelers Health in 1998, and a Doctor of Science (DSc), honoris causa from Monmouth University in 2006. [6] [5]

Professional career

Work experience

After completing his residency in 1978, Hoffman was co-founder and director of the Tropical Medicine and Travelers clinic at University Hospital, University of California, San Diego, an adjunct clinical faculty member, and an emergency room physician. [5] In 1980, Hoffman was commissioned as a medical officer in the United States Navy and stationed in Jakarta, Indonesia at the Naval Medical Research Unit Two-Jakarta Detachment where he was the director of the Department of Clinical Investigation and Epidemiology through 1984. His initial focus was on treatment of severe, typhoid fever. He proposed and studied an intervention, which reduced the typhoid fever death rate by more than 80 percent. [7] He also conducted research throughout the Indonesian archipelago on cholera, filariasis, and malaria. [5] [3] In 1987, Hoffman returned to Bethesda, MD, and served as the director of the Malaria Program at the Naval Medical Research Institute (later Naval Medical Research Center) until 2001. Hoffman and his team worked on identifying the targets and mechanisms of protective immunity against malaria and malaria vaccine development. They were the first in the world to test a DNA vaccine in normal humans and demonstrate that DNA vaccines elicited killer T cell responses. [8] Hoffman also led the team that sequenced the Plasmodium falciparum genome. [9]

After retiring from the Navy, Hoffman spent two years as senior vice president of biologics at Celera Genomics, the company that sequenced the human genome. Hoffman worked with utilizing human genomics and proteomics to develop immunotherapies and vaccines against cancer and to establish the potential for the field of personalized medicine. He also organized the sequencing of the genome of Anopheles gambiae . [10]

In 2003 Hoffman founded Sanaria Inc. to develop whole sporozoite malaria vaccines and has since been the chief executive and scientific officer of Sanaria Inc. [11]

Contributions to science and technology

Hoffman has over 500 scientific publications. He has made major contributions in the following areas.

Selected publications

Awards and distinctions

Awards

Memberships

Personal life

Hoffman is married to B. Kim Lee Sim, PhD, a molecular biologist, who is the founder and president of Protein Potential LLC and executive vice president of Sanaria Inc. [43] They have three children (Alexander [JD], [44] Seth [MD], [45] and Benjamin [MD, PhD] [46] ).

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malaria</span> Mosquito-borne infectious disease

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other vertebrates. Human malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. Symptoms usually begin 10 to 15 days after being bitten by an infected Anopheles mosquito. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.

<i>Plasmodium</i> Genus of parasitic protists that can cause malaria

Plasmodium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of Plasmodium species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a vertebrate host during a blood meal. Parasites grow within a vertebrate body tissue before entering the bloodstream to infect red blood cells. The ensuing destruction of host red blood cells can result in malaria. During this infection, some parasites are picked up by a blood-feeding insect, continuing the life cycle.

<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Protozoan species of malaria parasite

Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans. The parasite is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito and causes the disease's most dangerous form, falciparum malaria. It is responsible for around 50% of all malaria cases. P. falciparum is therefore regarded as the deadliest parasite in humans. It is also associated with the development of blood cancer and is classified as a Group 2A (probable) carcinogen.

A trophozoite is the activated, feeding stage in the life cycle of certain protozoa such as malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum and those of the Giardia group. The complementary form of the trophozoite state is the thick-walled cyst form. They are often different from the cyst stage, which is a protective, dormant form of the protozoa. Trophozoites are often found in the host's body fluids and tissues and in many cases, they are the form of the protozoan that causes disease in the host. In the protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica it invades the intestinal mucosa of its host, causing dysentery, which aid in the trophozoites traveling to the liver and leading to the production of hepatic abscesses.

<i>Plasmodium vivax</i> Species of single-celled organism

Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. Although it is less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of the five human malaria parasites, P. vivax malaria infections can lead to severe disease and death, often due to splenomegaly. P. vivax is carried by the female Anopheles mosquito; the males do not bite.

<i>Plasmodium ovale</i> Species of single-celled organism

Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoon that causes tertian malaria in humans. It is one of several species of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans, including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax which are responsible for most cases of malaria in the world. P. ovale is rare compared to these two parasites, and substantially less dangerous than P. falciparum.

<i>Plasmodium knowlesi</i> Species of single-celled organism

Plasmodium knowlesi is a parasite that causes malaria in humans and other primates. It is found throughout Southeast Asia, and is the most common cause of human malaria in Malaysia. Like other Plasmodium species, P. knowlesi has a life cycle that requires infection of both a mosquito and a warm-blooded host. While the natural warm-blooded hosts of P. knowlesi are likely various Old World monkeys, humans can be infected by P. knowlesi if they are fed upon by infected mosquitoes. P. knowlesi is a eukaryote in the phylum Apicomplexa, genus Plasmodium, and subgenus Plasmodium. It is most closely related to the human parasite Plasmodium vivax as well as other Plasmodium species that infect non-human primates.

Plasmodium chabaudi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia. As in all Plasmodium species, P. chabaudi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are rodents.

Malaria vaccines are vaccines that prevent malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease which annually affects an estimated 247 million people worldwide and causes 619,000 deaths. The first approved vaccine for malaria is RTS,S, known by the brand name Mosquirix. As of April 2023, the vaccine has been given to 1.5 million children living in areas with moderate-to-high malaria transmission. It requires at least three doses in infants by age 2, and a fourth dose extends the protection for another 1–2 years. The vaccine reduces hospital admissions from severe malaria by around 30%.

Pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) or placental malaria is a presentation of the common illness that is particularly life-threatening to both mother and developing fetus. PAM is caused primarily by infection with Plasmodium falciparum, the most dangerous of the four species of malaria-causing parasites that infect humans. During pregnancy, a woman faces a much higher risk of contracting malaria and of associated complications. Prevention and treatment of malaria are essential components of prenatal care in areas where the parasite is endemic – tropical and subtropical geographic areas. Placental malaria has also been demonstrated to occur in animal models, including in rodent and non-human primate models.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RTS,S</span> Malaria vaccine

RTS,S/AS01 is a recombinant protein-based malaria vaccine. It is one of two malaria vaccines approved. As of April 2022, the vaccine has been given to 1 million children living in areas with moderate-to-high malaria transmission, with millions more doses to be provided as the vaccine's production expands. 18 million doses have been allocated for 2023-2025. It requires at least three doses in infants by age 2, with a fourth dose extending the protection for another 1–2 years. The vaccine reduces hospital admissions from severe malaria by around 30% and reduces toddler deaths by 15%.

Russell J. Howard is an Australian-born executive, entrepreneur and scientist. He was a pioneer in the fields of molecular parasitology, especially malaria, and in leading the commercialisation of one of the most important methods used widely today in molecular biology today called “DNA shuffling" or "Molecular breeding", a form of "Directed evolution".

Plasmodium coatneyi is a parasitic species that is an agent of malaria in nonhuman primates. P. coatneyi occurs in Southeast Asia. The natural host of this species is the rhesus macaque and crab-eating macaque, but there has been no evidence that zoonosis of P. coatneyi can occur through its vector, the female Anopheles mosquito.

Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is a secreted protein of the sporozoite stage of the malaria parasite and is the antigenic target of RTS,S and other malaria vaccines. The amino-acid sequence of CSP consists of an immunodominant central repeat region flanked by conserved motifs at the N- and C- termini that are implicated in protein processing as the parasite travels from the mosquito to the mammalian vector. The amino acid sequence of CSP was determined in 1984.

PfSPZ Vaccine is a metabolically active non-replicating whole sporozoite (SPZ) malaria vaccine being developed by Sanaria against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria. Clinical trials have been safe, extremely well tolerated and highly efficacious. The first generation PfSPZ product is attenuated by gamma irradiation; the second generation vaccines PfSPZ-CVac and PfSPZ LARC2 are, respectively, attenuated chemically and genetically. Multiple studies are ongoing with trials of the PfSPZ vaccines. All three products are produced using the same manufacturing process. These products are stored and distributed below -150 °C using liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapor phase (LNVP) freezers and cryoshippers.

Sanaria is a biotechnology company developing vaccines protective against malaria and other infectious diseases as well as related products for use in malaria research. Sanaria's vaccines are based on the use of the sporozoite (SPZ) stage of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, as an immunogen, and as a platform technology for liver-vectored gene delivery. SPZ are normally introduced into humans by mosquito bite where they migrate to the liver and further develop to liver stages, and eventually back into the blood stream where the parasite infects red blood cells (RBC) and causes malaria. Plasmodium falciparum is the species responsible for more than 95% deaths caused by malaria. The WHO estimates there were 249 million clinical cases and 608,000 deaths in 2022 alone.

Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig was an Austrian-Brazilian immunologist specializing in the development of malaria vaccines. In a career spanning over 60 years, she was primarily affiliated with New York University (NYU). She served as C.V. Starr Professor of Medical and Molecular Parasitology at Langone Medical Center, Research Professor at the NYU Department of Pathology, and finally Professor Emerita of Microbiology and Pathology at the NYU Department of Microbiology.

Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is a family of proteins present on the membrane surface of red blood cells that are infected by the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PfEMP1 is synthesized during the parasite's blood stage inside the RBC, during which the clinical symptoms of falciparum malaria are manifested. Acting as both an antigen and adhesion protein, it is thought to play a key role in the high level of virulence associated with P. falciparum. It was discovered in 1984 when it was reported that infected RBCs had unusually large-sized cell membrane proteins, and these proteins had antibody-binding (antigenic) properties. An elusive protein, its chemical structure and molecular properties were revealed only after a decade, in 1995. It is now established that there is not one but a large family of PfEMP1 proteins, genetically regulated (encoded) by a group of about 60 genes called var. Each P. falciparum is able to switch on and off specific var genes to produce a functionally different protein, thereby evading the host's immune system. RBCs carrying PfEMP1 on their surface stick to endothelial cells, which facilitates further binding with uninfected RBCs, ultimately helping the parasite to both spread to other RBCs as well as bringing about the fatal symptoms of P. falciparum malaria.

Peter Gottfried Kremsner is a specialist in tropical medicine and Full Professor at the University of Tübingen, Germany. Since 1992 he has been leading the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Gabon, now as president.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David A. Fidock</span>

David A. Fidock, is the CS Hamish Young Professor of Microbiology and Immunology and Professor of Medical Sciences at Columbia University Irving Medical Center in Manhattan.

References

  1. ↑ Mancuso, Donna. "'Cunning' parasite thwarts scientists' tries for malaria cure", Asbury Park Press , January 14, 1992. Accessed July 12, 2022, via Newspapers.com. "'We need new and better drugs to treat people, better methods of controlling mosquitoes and the infrastructure to deliver the technology,' said Hoffman, who was born in Belmar and grew up in Ocean Township."
  2. ↑ Stephen L. Hoffman, Asbury Park High School Distinguished Alumni Hall of Fame. Accessed July 12, 2022. "Class: 1966 Inducted: 2007"
  3. 1 2 3 "Dr. Stephen Hoffman". WCM Newsroom. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  4. ↑ "COVID-19 Alumni Stories: Dr Stephen Hoffmann". LSHTM. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Hoffman, Stephen L. (2002-07-01). "Presidential address: The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in the last half century: from apparent anachronism to international leader and innovator". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 67 (1): 1–7. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.1 . PMID   12363050.
  6. ↑ Hoffman, Stephen (2006). "Monmouth Calendar of Events" (PDF). Monmouth.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  7. 1 2 Hoffman, S. L.; Punjabi, N. H.; Kumala, S.; Moechtar, M. A.; Pulungsih, S. P.; Rivai, A. R.; Rockhill, R. C.; Woodward, T. E.; Loedin, A. A. (1984-01-12). "Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone". The New England Journal of Medicine. 310 (2): 82–88. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. ISSN   0028-4793. PMID   6361558.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Wang, R.; Doolan, D. L.; Le, T. P.; Hedstrom, R. C.; Coonan, K. M.; Charoenvit, Y.; Jones, T. R.; Hobart, P.; Margalith, M.; Ng, J.; Weiss, W. R. (1998-10-16). "Induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in humans by a malaria DNA vaccine". Science. 282 (5388): 476–480. Bibcode:1998Sci...282..476W. doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.476. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   9774275.
  9. ↑ "Marine Biological Laboratory". comm.archive.mbl.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  10. 1 2 3 Holt, Robert A.; Subramanian, G. Mani; Halpern, Aaron; Sutton, Granger G.; Charlab, Rosane; Nusskern, Deborah R.; Wincker, Patrick; Clark, Andrew G.; Ribeiro, José M. C.; Wides, Ron; Salzberg, Steven L. (2002-10-04). "The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae". Science. 298 (5591): 129–149. Bibcode:2002Sci...298..129H. doi:10.1126/science.1076181. ISSN   1095-9203. PMID   12364791. S2CID   4512225.
  11. ↑ "SANARIA INC. | SBIR.gov". www.sbir.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  12. ↑ Punjabi, N. H.; Hoffman, S. L.; Edman, D. C.; Sukri, N.; Laughlin, L. W.; Pulungsih, S. P.; Rivai, A. R.; Sututo, null; Moechtar, A.; Woodward, T. E. (August 1988). "Treatment of severe typhoid fever in children with high dose dexamethasone". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 7 (8): 598–600. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198808000-00002 . ISSN   0891-3668. PMID   3050856.
  13. 1 2 Hoffman, S. L.; Oster, C. N.; Plowe, C. V.; Woollett, G. R.; Beier, J. C.; Chulay, J. D.; Wirtz, R. A.; Hollingdale, M. R.; Mugambi, M. (1987-08-07). "Naturally acquired antibodies to sporozoites do not prevent malaria: vaccine development implications". Science. 237 (4815): 639–642. Bibcode:1987Sci...237..639H. doi:10.1126/science.3299709. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   3299709.
  14. 1 2 Hoffman, Stephen L.; Isenbarger, Daniel; Long, Gary W.; Sedegah, Martha; Szarfman, Ana; Waters, Leslie; Hollingdale, Michael R.; Van Der Meide, Peter H.; Finbloom, David S.; Ballou, W. Ripley (1989). "Sporozoite Vaccine Induces Genetically Restricted T Cell Elimination of Malaria from Hepatocytes". Science. 244 (4908): 1078–1081. doi:10.1126/science.2524877. ISSN   0036-8075. JSTOR   1704001. PMID   2524877.
  15. 1 2 Malik, A.; Egan, J. E.; Houghten, R. A.; Sadoff, J. C.; Hoffman, S. L. (1991-04-15). "Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes against the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (8): 3300–3304. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.8.3300 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   51434 . PMID   1707538.
  16. 1 2 Doolan, D. L.; Hoffman, S. L. (2000-08-01). "The complexity of protective immunity against liver-stage malaria". Journal of Immunology. 165 (3): 1453–1462. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.3.1453 . ISSN   0022-1767. PMID   10903750. S2CID   520874.
  17. 1 2 Sedegah, M.; Hedstrom, R.; Hobart, P.; Hoffman, S. L. (1994-10-11). "Protection against malaria by immunization with plasmid DNA encoding circumsporozoite protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (21): 9866–9870. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.9866S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.21.9866 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   44918 . PMID   7937907.
  18. 1 2 Sedegah, M.; Jones, T. R.; Kaur, M.; Hedstrom, R.; Hobart, P.; Tine, J. A.; Hoffman, S. L. (1998-06-23). "Boosting with recombinant vaccinia increases immunogenicity and protective efficacy of malaria DNA vaccine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (13): 7648–7653. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.13.7648 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   22711 . PMID   9636204.
  19. 1 2 Gardner, M. J.; Tettelin, H.; Carucci, D. J.; Cummings, L. M.; Aravind, L.; Koonin, E. V.; Shallom, S.; Mason, T.; Yu, K.; Fujii, C.; Pederson, J. (1998-11-06). "Chromosome 2 sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum". Science. 282 (5391): 1126–1132. doi:10.1126/science.282.5391.1126. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   9804551.
  20. 1 2 Hoffman, Stephen L.; Subramanian, G. Mani; Collins, Frank H.; Venter, J. Craig (2002-02-07). "Plasmodium, human and Anopheles genomics and malaria". Nature. 415 (6872): 702–709. doi: 10.1038/415702a . ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   11832959. S2CID   4414185.
  21. 1 2 Hoffman, Stephen L.; Goh, Lucy M. L.; Luke, Thomas C.; Schneider, Imogene; Le, Thong P.; Doolan, Denise L.; Sacci, John; de la Vega, Patricia; Dowler, Megan; Paul, Chris; Gordon, Daniel M. (2002-04-15). "Protection of humans against malaria by immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 185 (8): 1155–1164. doi: 10.1086/339409 . ISSN   0022-1899. PMID   11930326.
  22. 1 2 Epstein, J. E.; Tewari, K.; Lyke, K. E.; Sim, B. K. L.; Billingsley, P. F.; Laurens, M. B.; Gunasekera, A.; Chakravarty, S.; James, E. R.; Sedegah, M.; Richman, A. (2011-10-28). "Live attenuated malaria vaccine designed to protect through hepatic CD8⁺ T cell immunity". Science. 334 (6055): 475–480. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..475E. doi: 10.1126/science.1211548 . ISSN   1095-9203. PMID   21903775. S2CID   206536528.
  23. 1 2 Seder, Robert A.; Chang, Lee-Jah; Enama, Mary E.; Zephir, Kathryn L.; Sarwar, Uzma N.; Gordon, Ingelise J.; Holman, LaSonji A.; James, Eric R.; Billingsley, Peter F.; Gunasekera, Anusha; Richman, Adam (2013-09-20). "Protection against malaria by intravenous immunization with a nonreplicating sporozoite vaccine". Science. 341 (6152): 1359–1365. Bibcode:2013Sci...341.1359S. doi: 10.1126/science.1241800 . ISSN   1095-9203. PMID   23929949. S2CID   22462258.
  24. 1 2 Mordmüller, Benjamin; Surat, Güzin; Lagler, Heimo; Chakravarty, Sumana; Ishizuka, Andrew S.; Lalremruata, Albert; Gmeiner, Markus; Campo, Joseph J.; Esen, Meral; Ruben, Adam J.; Held, Jana (2017-02-23). "Sterile protection against human malaria by chemoattenuated PfSPZ vaccine". Nature. 542 (7642): 445–449. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..445M. doi:10.1038/nature21060. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   28199305. S2CID   205253429.
  25. 1 2 3 Sissoko, Mahamadou S.; Healy, Sara A.; Katile, Abdoulaye; Omaswa, Freda; Zaidi, Irfan; Gabriel, Erin E.; Kamate, Bourama; Samake, Yacouba; Guindo, Merepen A.; Dolo, Amagana; Niangaly, Amadou (May 2017). "Safety and efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum via direct venous inoculation in healthy malaria-exposed adults in Mali: a randomised, double-blind phase 1 trial". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 17 (5): 498–509. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30104-4. ISSN   1474-4457. PMC   6803168 . PMID   28216244.
  26. 1 2 Mwakingwe-Omari, Agnes; Healy, Sara A.; Lane, Jacquelyn; Cook, David M.; Kalhori, Sahand; Wyatt, Charles; Kolluri, Aarti; Marte-Salcedo, Omely; Imeru, Alemush; Nason, Martha; Ding, Lei K. (July 2021). "Two chemoattenuated PfSPZ malaria vaccines induce sterile hepatic immunity". Nature. 595 (7866): 289–294. Bibcode:2021Natur.595..289M. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03684-z. hdl: 1721.1/142862 . ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   34194041. S2CID   235696393.
  27. ↑ Hoffman, Stephen L.; Billingsley, Peter F.; James, Eric; Richman, Adam; Loyevsky, Mark; Li, Tao; Chakravarty, Sumana; Gunasekera, Anusha; Chattopadhyay, Rana; Li, Minglin; Stafford, Richard (January 2010). "Development of a metabolically active, non-replicating sporozoite vaccine to prevent Plasmodium falciparum malaria". Human Vaccines. 6 (1): 97–106. doi:10.4161/hv.6.1.10396. ISSN   1554-8600. PMID   19946222. S2CID   1209024.
  28. ↑ Luke, Thomas C.; Hoffman, Stephen L. (November 2003). "Rationale and plans for developing a non-replicating, metabolically active, radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccine". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (Pt 21): 3803–3808. doi:10.1242/jeb.00644. ISSN   0022-0949. PMID   14506215. S2CID   24138914.
  29. 1 2 3 "Medals -ASTMH" (PDF). ASTMH. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "Stephen Hoffman | Faculty Member | Faculty Opinions". facultyopinions.com. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  31. ↑ "Member Directory - Asbury Park High School Hall of Fame". www.aphshalloffame.com. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  32. ↑ "Dr. Stephen L. Hoffman wins 2015 CEO of the year at the World Vaccine Congress, Vaccine Industry Excellence Awards – Sanaria" . Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  33. ↑ "CORRECTING and REPLACING Tech Council of Maryland Names Winners of 27th Annual Industry Awards". www.businesswire.com. 2015-05-14. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  34. 1 2 "Leadership – Sanaria" . Retrieved 2022-02-03.
  35. ↑ "Sanaria's Dr. Stephen L. Hoffman won the Daily Record's Innovator of the Year Award – Sanaria" . Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  36. ↑ "ASTMH - Fellows of ASTMH (FASTMH)". www.astmh.org. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  37. ↑ "IDSA Home". www.idsociety.org. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  38. ↑ "The American Society for Clinical Investigation" . Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  39. ↑ "Association of American Physicians". aap-online.org. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  40. ↑ "American Academy of Microbiology - Fellow Directory". American Academy of Microbiology. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  41. ↑ "Elected Fellows | American Association for the Advancement of Science". www.aaas.org. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  42. ↑ "ABFM". portfolio.theabfm.org. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  43. ↑ Malaysian, Scientific (2016-06-13). "AMA session with Dr. Betty Kim Lee Sim". Scientific Malaysian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  44. ↑ "Alexander Hoffman". linkedin.com.
  45. ↑ "Seth Ari Sim-Son Hoffman's Profile | Stanford Profiles". profiles.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
  46. ↑ "Benjamin Hoffman Profile". University of California, San Francisco.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.