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The Actinomycetota are a phylum of mostly Gram-positive bacteria. They can be terrestrial or aquatic. They are of great economic importance to humans because agriculture and forests depend on their contributions to soil systems. In soil they help to decompose the organic matter of dead organisms so the molecules can be taken up anew by plants. While this role is also played by fungi, Actinomycetota are much smaller and likely do not occupy the same ecological niche. In this role the colonies often grow extensive mycelia, like a fungus would, and the name of an important order of the phylum, Actinomycetales, reflects that they were long believed to be fungi. Some soil actinomycetota live symbiotically with the plants whose roots pervade the soil, fixing nitrogen for the plants in exchange for access to some of the plant's saccharides. Other species, such as many members of the genus Mycobacterium, are important pathogens.
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA transcript, typically a messenger RNA (mRNA). The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature mRNA for translation. In many bacteria, the poly(A) tail promotes degradation of the mRNA. It, therefore, forms part of the larger process of gene expression.
Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinomycetota and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 500 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinomycetota, streptomycetes are gram-positive, and have genomes with high GC content. Found predominantly in soil and decaying vegetation, most streptomycetes produce spores, and are noted for their distinct "earthy" odor that results from production of a volatile metabolite, geosmin.
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are of interest as bio-derived and biodegradable plastics. The poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) form of PHB is probably the most common type of polyhydroxyalkanoate, but other polymers of this class are produced by a variety of organisms: these include poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV), polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH), polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO) and their copolymers.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHAs are polyesters produced in nature by numerous microorganisms, including through bacterial fermentation of sugars or lipids. When produced by bacteria they serve as both a source of energy and as a carbon store. More than 150 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties. These plastics are biodegradable and are used in the production of bioplastics.
The Streptomycetaceae are a family of Actinomycetota, making up the monotypic order Streptomycetales. It includes the important genus Streptomyces. This was the original source of many antibiotics, namely streptomycin, the first antibiotic against tuberculosis.
β-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as 3-hydroxybutyric acid or BHB, is an organic compound and a beta hydroxy acid with the chemical formula CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2H; its conjugate base is β-hydroxybutyrate, also known as 3-hydroxybutyrate. β-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound with two enantiomers: D-β-hydroxybutyric acid and L-β-hydroxybutyric acid. Its oxidized and polymeric derivatives occur widely in nature. In humans, D-β-hydroxybutyric acid is one of two primary endogenous agonists of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), a Gi/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase is an enzyme used in the degradation processes of a natural polyester Poly(3-hydroxyburate). This enzyme has growing commercialization interests due to it implications in biodegradable plastic decomposition.
In enzymology, a poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) depolymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction that breaks down the polyester poly{oxycarbonyl[(R)-2-pentylethylene]} into smaller oligomers.
2,6-beta-fructan 6-levanbiohydrolase is an enzyme with systematic name (2->6)-beta-D-fructofuranan 6-(beta-D-fructosyl)-D-fructose-hydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Streptomyces albulus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces albulus produces acetoxycycloheximide, aciphenol, albanoursin and cycloheximide.
Streptomyces ascomycinicus is a bacterium species from the genus Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil from Kobe City in Japan. Streptomyces ascomycinicus produces ascomycin.
Streptomyces mobaraensis is a spore forming bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces mobaraensis produces bleomycin, detoxin, piericidin A, piericidin B, reticulol and transglutaminase. Streptomyces mobaraensis is used in the food industry to produce transglutaminase to texture meat and fish products.
Streptomyces olivaceus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces olivaceus produces granaticin, elloramycin, tetroazolemycin A and tetroazolemycin B. Streptomyces olivaceus can be used to produce vitamin B12.
Streptomyces omiyaensis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Japan. Streptomyces omiyaensis produces chloramphenicol and pentalenolactone P.
Streptomyces tsukubensis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Ibaraki in Japan. Streptomyces tsukubensis produses the immunosuppressant tacrolimus.
Streptomyces viridosporus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces viridosporus produces sistomycine and lignin peroxidase. Streptomyces viridosporus can degrade lignin and humic acids. Streptomyces viridosporus also produces moenomycin A, a component of bambermycin.
Methylocystis parvus is a methylotroph bacterium species from the genus of Methylocystis.
Nocardiopsis aegyptia is a Gram-positive and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Nocardiopsis which has been isolated from marine sediments from the Abu Qir Bay from Alexandria in Egypt. Nocardiopsis aegyptia can degrade poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB).
Plastic degradation in marine bacteria describes when certain pelagic bacteria break down polymers and use them as a primary source of carbon for energy. Polymers such as polyethylene(PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are incredibly useful for their durability and relatively low cost of production, however it is their persistence and difficulty to be properly disposed of that is leading to pollution of the environment and disruption of natural processes. It is estimated that each year there are 9-14 million metric tons of plastic that are entering the ocean due to inefficient solutions for their disposal. The biochemical pathways that allow for certain microbes to break down these polymers into less harmful byproducts has been a topic of study to develop a suitable anti-pollutant.
References
- 1 2 LPSN bacterio.net
- ↑ Straininfo of Streptomyces exfoliatus
- 1 2 UniProt
- ↑ Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen
- ↑ Klingbeil, B; Kroppenstedt, RM; Jendrossek, D (1 September 1996). "Taxonomic identification of Streptomyces exfoliatus K10 and characterization of its poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase gene". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 142 (2–3): 215–21. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(96)00271-6 . PMID 8810505.
- ↑ Martinez, V.; Hormigo, D.; del Cerro, C.; Gomez de Santos, P.; Garcia-Hidalgo, J.; Arroyo, M.; Prieto, A.; Garcia, J. L.; de la Mata, I. (6 February 2014). "Genome Sequence of Streptomyces exfoliatus DSMZ 41693, a Source of Poly(3-Hydroxyalkanoate)-Degrading Enzymes". Genome Announcements. 2 (1): e01272-13–e01272-13. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01272-13. PMC 3916498 . PMID 24504004.
- ↑ Collins, Peter M., ed. (2006). Dictionary of carbohydrates with CD-ROM (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8493-7765-X.
- ↑ Buckingham, Executive ed.: J. (1995). First supplement (1. ed.). London [u.a.]: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-412-57780-1.
