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Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinobacteria and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 500 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinobacteria, streptomycetes are gram-positive, and have genomes with high GC content. Found predominantly in soil and decaying vegetation, most streptomycetes produce spores, and are noted for their distinct "earthy" odor that results from production of a volatile metabolite, geosmin.
The avermectins are a series of drugs and pesticides used to treat parasitic worms and insect pests. They are a group of 16-membered macrocyclic lactone derivatives with potent anthelmintic and insecticidal properties. These naturally occurring compounds are generated as fermentation products by Streptomyces avermitilis, a soil actinomycete. Eight different avermectins were isolated in four pairs of homologue compounds, with a major (a-component) and minor (b-component) component usually in ratios of 80:20 to 90:10. Other anthelmintics derived from the avermectins include ivermectin, selamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, and abamectin.
Complement component 1s is a protein involved in the complement system. C1s is part of the C1 complex. In humans, it is encoded by the C1S gene.
Doxorubicin (DXR) is a 14-hydroxylated version of daunorubicin, the immediate precursor of DXR in its biosynthetic pathway. Daunorubicin is more abundantly found as a natural product because it is produced by a number of different wild type strains of streptomyces. In contrast, only one known non-wild type species, streptomyces peucetius subspecies cesius ATCC 27952, was initially found to be capable of producing the more widely used doxorubicin. This strain was created by Arcamone et al. in 1969 by mutating a strain producing daunorubicin, but not DXR, at least in detectable quantities. Subsequently, Hutchinson's group showed that under special environmental conditions, or by the introduction of genetic modifications, other strains of streptomyces can produce doxorubicin. His group has also cloned many of the genes required for DXR production, although not all of them have been fully characterized. In 1996, Strohl's group discovered, isolated and characterized dox A, the gene encoding the enzyme that converts daunorubicin into DXR. By 1999, they produced recombinant Dox A, a Cytochrome P450 oxidase, and found that it catalyzes multiple steps in DXR biosynthesis, including steps leading to daunorubicin. This was significant because it became clear that all daunorubicin producing strains have the necessary genes to produce DXR, the much more therapeutically important of the two. Hutchinson's group went on to develop methods to improve the yield of DXR, from the fermentation process used in its commercial production, not only by introducing Dox A encoding plasmids, but also by introducing mutations to deactivate enzymes that shunt DXR precursors to less useful products, for example baumycin-like glycosides. Some triple mutants, that also over-expressed Dox A, were able to double the yield of DXR. This is of more than academic interest because at that time DXR cost about $1.37 million per kg and current production in 1999 was 225 kg per annum. More efficient production techniques have brought the price down to $1.1 million per kg for the non-liposomal formulation. Although DXR can be produced semi-synthetically from daunorubicin, the process involves electrophilic bromination and multiple steps and the yield is poor. Since daunorubicin is produced by fermentation, it would be ideal if the bacteria could complete DXR synthesis more effectively.
Sir David Alan Hopwood is a British microbiologist and geneticist.
In molecular biology, the polyketide synthesis cyclase family of proteins includes a number of cyclases involved in polyketide synthesis in a number of actinobacterial species.
Leinamycin is an 18-membered macrolactam produced by several species of Streptomyces atroolivaceus. This macrolactam has also been shown to exhibit antitumor properties as well as antimicrobial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The presence of a spiro-fused 1,3-dioxo-1,2-dithiolane moiety was a unique structural property at the time of this compound's discovery and it plays an important role in leinamycin's antitumor and antibacterial properties due to its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis.
Streptomyces arenae is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil from Illinois in the United States. Streptomyces arenae produces pentalenolactone, 2,5-dihydrophenylalanine, naphthocyclinone and arenaemycine.
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Streptomyces actuosus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces actuosus produces nosiheptide and staurosporin.
Streptomyces griseocarneus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces griseocarneus produces hydroxystreptomycin, alboverticillin, sphingomyelinase C and rotaventin.
Streptomyces halstedii is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from deeper soil layers. Streptomyces halstedii produces magnamycin B, vicenistatin deltamycin A2, deltamycin A3, bafilomycin B1 and bafilomycin C1.
Streptomyces himastatinicus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces himastatinicus produces himastatin.
Streptomyces ipomoeae is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has beein isolated from rot from potatoes. Streptomyces ipomoeae produces thaxtomin C and ipomycin. Streptomyces ipomoeae can cause soft rot disease on sweet potatoes.
Streptomyces mobaraensis is a spore forming bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces mobaraensis produces bleomycin, detoxin, piericidin A, piericidin B, reticulol and transglutaminase. Streptomyces mobaraensis is used in the food industry to produce transglutaminase to texture meat and fish products.
Streptomyces phaeochromogenes is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces phaeochromogenes produces tyrosinate, bromoperoxidase, ditryptophenalin, phaeochromycin A, phaeochromycin B, phaeochromycin C, phaeochromycin D and phaeochromycin E.
Streptomyces pulveraceus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil in Fukuchiyama in Japan. Streptomyces pulveraceus produces zygomycine and fostriecin.
Streptomyces resistomycificus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces resistomycificus produces the pentacyclic polyketide resistomycin.
Streptomyces seoulensis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil from Korea. Streptomyces seoulensis produces lipoamide dehydrogenase.
Streptomyces viridosporus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces viridosporus produces sistomycine and lignin peroxidase. Streptomyces viridosporus can degrade lignin and humic acids.
References
- 1 2 LPSN bacterio.net
- ↑ Straininfo of Streptomyces glaucescens
- 1 2 UniProt
- ↑ Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen
- ↑ ATCC
- ↑ Hutchinson, C. Richard (November 1997). "Biosynthetic Studies of Daunorubicin and Tetracenomycin C". Chemical Reviews. 97 (7): 2525–2536. doi:10.1021/cr960022x. PMID 11851469.
- ↑ Broeckhoven, edited by Annie Van; Shapiro, Fred; Anne, Jozef (2001). Novel frontiers in the production of compounds for biomedical use. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Pub. ISBN 0-7923-6747-2.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- ↑ Roberts, edited by B.W. Bycroft ; contributors, A.A. Higton, A.D. (1988). Dictionary of antibiotics and related substances. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-25450-6.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
