Strontium carbide

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Strontium carbide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.031.925 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
  • InChI=1S/C2.Sr/c1-2;/q-2;+2
    Key: QBIPZSRMYKVEBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • [Sr]1C#C1
Properties
C2Sr
Molar mass 111.64 g·mol−1
Related compounds
Other cations
Calcium carbide; Barium carbide; Europium carbide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Strontium carbide (also more precisely known as strontium acetylide or strontium dicarbide) is a salt with chemical formula SrC2. It was first synthesized by Moissan in 1894. [1]

Strontium carbide can be formed in an electric arc furnace from strontium carbonate and a reductant, such as a reducing sugar [1] [2] or magnesium metal. [3] Alternatively, carbothermal reduction of strontium oxide with graphite begins around 150 °C and is catalyzed by calcium oxide. [4] Classical organic chemistry syntheses include transmetallation from mercury acetylide or an acid-base reaction between di benzyl strontium and acetylene, although these techniques often produce complexes with the solvent. [5] Direct formation from the elements has a notional enthalpy of -20 kcal/mol. [6]

Nevertheless, strontium carbide may be only metastable when encapsulated in a fullerene. [7] It slowly hydrolyzes in air to acetylene. [1]

The material is polymorphic, forming a monoclinic crystal structure akin to calcium carbide II [2] and a black [1] tetragonal phase. Heated to 370 °C, it reversibly converts to a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice. [2] Yttrium carbide retains the fcc lattice down to room temperature; the difference is a 3eg orbital that strontium lacks the electrons to fill. [8] Cyanamide impurities stabilize one other strontium carbide polymorph, just as they do for calcium carbide. The stabilized calcium carbide polymorph is triclinic, and the strontium carbide polymorph is believed to be so as well. [9]

At roughly 1800 °C, strontium carbide melts. [6] It forms a solid solution with europium carbide, as Eu2+ has an almost identical ionic radius to Sr2+. [10]

Strontium carbide is a chemical intermediate in an archaic carbon-14 dating technique: burning the material to be dated releases carbon dioxide, trapped as strontium carbonate. Magnesium then reduces the carbonate to strontium carbide and hydrolysis releases acetylene. [3] [11] The radioactive decay of the acetylene can then be observed directly [11] or heating to 600 °C polymerizes the acetylene to benzene for a liquid scintillator. [3]

Solid state metathesis of strontium carbide and a (complex) metal oxide gives the corresponding metal carbide and strontium oxide. The latter washes away easily in pure water. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetylene</span> Hydrocarbon compound (HC≡CH)

Acetylene is the chemical compound with the formula C2H2 and structure H−C≡C−H. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities such as divinyl sulfide and phosphine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alkyne</span> Hydrocarbon compound containing one or more C≡C bonds

In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula CnH2n−2. Alkynes are traditionally known as acetylenes, although the name acetylene also refers specifically to C2H2, known formally as ethyne using IUPAC nomenclature. Like other hydrocarbons, alkynes are generally hydrophobic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium</span> Chemical element with atomic number 20 (Ca)

Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust, and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in limestone and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and apatite are also sources of calcium. The name derives from Latin calx "lime", which was obtained from heating limestone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbide</span> Inorganic compound group

In chemistry, a carbide usually describes a compound composed of carbon and a metal. In metallurgy, carbiding or carburizing is the process for producing carbide coatings on a metal piece.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alkaline earth metal</span> Group of chemical elements

The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table. They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure.

Chemistry is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium carbide</span> Chemical compound

Calcium carbide, also known as calcium acetylide, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula of CaC2. Its main use industrially is in the production of acetylene and calcium cyanamide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manganese dioxide</span> Chemical compound

Manganese dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula MnO
2. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and a component of manganese nodules. The principal use for MnO
2 is for dry-cell batteries, such as the alkaline battery and the zinc–carbon battery. MnO
2 is also used as a pigment and as a precursor to other manganese compounds, such as KMnO
4. It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, for example, for the oxidation of allylic alcohols. MnO
2 has an α-polymorph that can incorporate a variety of atoms in the "tunnels" or "channels" between the manganese oxide octahedra. There is considerable interest in α-MnO
2 as a possible cathode for lithium-ion batteries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thorium dioxide</span> Chemical compound

Thorium dioxide (ThO2), also called thorium(IV) oxide, is a crystalline solid, often white or yellow in colour. Also known as thoria, it is mainly a by-product of lanthanide and uranium production. Thorianite is the name of the mineralogical form of thorium dioxide. It is moderately rare and crystallizes in an isometric system. The melting point of thorium oxide is 3300 °C – the highest of all known oxides. Only a few elements (including tungsten and carbon) and a few compounds (including tantalum carbide) have higher melting points. All thorium compounds, including the dioxide, are radioactive because there are no stable isotopes of thorium.

In chemistry, an acetylide is a compound that can be viewed as the result of replacing one or both hydrogen atoms of acetylene (ethyne) HC≡CH by metallic or other cations. The term is also used, more loosely, for any compound obtained in the same way from an acetylene derivative RC≡CH, where R is some organic side chain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbothermic reaction</span> Reduction of substances using carbon

Carbothermic reactions involve the reduction of substances, often metal oxides (O2-), using carbon (C) as the reducing agent. The reduction is usually conducted in the electric arc furnace or reverberatory furnace, depending on the metal ore. These chemical reactions are usually conducted at temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius. Such processes are applied for production of the elemental forms of many elements. The ability of metals to participate in carbothermic reactions can be predicted from Ellingham diagrams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kipp's apparatus</span> Laboratory device for preparing gases

Kipp's apparatus, also called a Kipp generator, is an apparatus designed for preparation of small volumes of gases. It was invented around 1844 by the Dutch pharmacist Petrus Jacobus Kipp and widely used in chemical laboratories and for demonstrations in schools into the second half of the 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strontium hexaboride</span> Chemical compound

Strontium boride (SrB6) is an inorganic compound. At room temperature, it appears as a crystalline black powder. Closer examination reveals slightly translucent dark red crystals capable of scratching quartz. It is very stable and has a high melting point and density. Although not thought to be toxic, it is an irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.

A pyrotechnic composition is a substance or mixture of substances designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas/smoke or a combination of these, as a result of non-detonative self-sustaining exothermic chemical reactions. Pyrotechnic substances do not rely on oxygen from external sources to sustain the reaction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strontium carbonate</span> Chemical compound

Strontium carbonate (SrCO3) is the carbonate salt of strontium that has the appearance of a white or grey powder. It occurs in nature as the mineral strontianite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Group 2 organometallic chemistry</span>

Group 2 organometallic chemistry refers to the organic derivativess of any group 2 element. It is a subtheme to main group organometallic chemistry. By far the most common group 2 organometallic compounds are the magnesium-containing Grignard reagents which are widely used in organic chemistry. Other organometallic group 2 compounds are typically limited to academic interests.

Lithium carbide, Li2C2, often known as dilithium acetylide, is a chemical compound of lithium and carbon, an acetylide. It is an intermediate compound produced during radiocarbon dating procedures. Li2C2 is one of an extensive range of lithium-carbon compounds which include the lithium-rich Li4C, Li6C2, Li8C3, Li6C3, Li4C3, Li4C5, and the graphite intercalation compounds LiC6, LiC12, and LiC18.

In organometallic chemistry, a transition metal alkyne complex is a coordination compound containing one or more alkyne ligands. Such compounds are intermediates in many catalytic reactions that convert alkynes to other organic products, e.g. hydrogenation and trimerization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Platinum tetrafluoride</span> Chemical compound

Platinum tetrafluoride is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula PtF
4. In the solid state, the compound features platinum(IV) in octahedral coordination geometry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barium carbide</span> Chemical compound

Barium carbide is a chemical compound in the carbide family having the chemical formula BaC2.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Moissan, Henri (27 March 1894). "Étude des acetylures crystallisés de baryum et de strontium" [Study on crystalline acetylides of barium and strontium]. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French): 684. Text available at Gallica .
  2. 1 2 3 Bredig, M. A. (5 June 1942). "The polymorphism of calcium carbide". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 46 (8): 801–819. doi:10.1021/j150422a003.
  3. 1 2 3 Tamers, M. A.; Stipp, J. J.; Collier, J. (1961) [22 Nov 1960]. "High sensitivity detection of naturally occurring radiocarbon I: Chemistry of the counting sample". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 24 (3–4). Northern Ireland: Pergamon: 266–276. Bibcode:1961GeCoA..24..266T. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(61)90022-9.
  4. ↑ Prell, Laurie J.; Styris, David L.; Redfield, David A. (May 1990) [6 Nov 1989]. "Mechanisms controlling atomisation of strontium and associated interferences by calcium in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry". Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy. 5 (3): 233. doi:10.1039/JA9900500231. 9/04815D.
  5. ↑ Alexander, Jacob S.; Ruhlandt-Senge, Karin (2002). "Not just heavy 'Grignards'". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH: 2763. doi:10.1002/1099-0682(200211)2002:11<2761::AID-EJIC2761>3.0.CO;2-2. I02148.
  6. 1 2 Flowers, R. H.; Rauh, E. G. (1966) [13 Aug 1965]. "Studies of the equilibrium metal vapor pressures over the alkaline earth carbides". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 28 (6–7). Northern Ireland: Pergamon: 1355–1366. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(66)80167-7.
  7. ↑ Saito Y.; Matsumoto T. (1998) [28 Oct 1997]. "Hollow and filled rectangular parallelopiped carbon nanocapsules catalyzed by calcium and strontium". Journal of Crystal Growth. 187 (3–4). Elsevier: 406–408. Bibcode:1998JCrGr.187..402S. doi:10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00013-X.
  8. ↑ Zhukov, V. P.; Novikov, D. L.; Medvedeva, N. I.; Gubanov, V. A. (July–August 1989) [25 December 1987]. "Electronic structure and chemical bonding in yttrium dicarbide and strontium dicarbide". Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii. 30 (4). Plenum (published 1990): 27–32. Bibcode:1989JStCh..30..553Z. doi:10.1007/BF00751445. UDC 541.19.
  9. ↑ Vannerberg, Nils-Gösta (1962) [8 Nov 1961]. "The crystal structure of calcium carbide II and IV" (PDF). Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 16 (5): 1219.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Link, Pascal; Wandner, Dirk; Schellenberg, Inga; Pöttgen, Rainer; Paulus, Michael; Sahle, Christoph J.; Sternemann, Christian; Ruschewitz, Uwe. "EuxSr1-xC2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1): A dicarbide solid solution with perfect Vegard behavior" (PDF). Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 636 (12). Wiley-VCH: 2276–. doi:10.1002/zaac.201000206. HAL   hal-00583554.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. 1 2 Mitamura Muneki (Mar 1991) [3 Dec 1990]. "Radiocarbon measurement and 14C ages of holocene deposits in the eastern margin of the West Osaka area, Southwest Japan" (PDF). Journal of Geosciences. 34. Osaka City University: 77–80. ISSN   0449-2560.
  12. ↑ Nartowski, Artur M.; Parkin, Ivan P.; Mackenzie, Maureen; Craven, Alan J. (18 Sep 2001) [19 June 2001]. "Solid state metathesis: synthesis of metal carbides from metal oxides". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 11 (12). Royal Society of Chemistry: 3116–3119. doi:10.1039/b105352n – via CiteSeerX.
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