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The Suma are a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and tribal region in Pult of north Albania. During the Ottoman period it formed a single bajrak (military-administrative unit).
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The Suma are a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and tribal region in Pult of north Albania. During the Ottoman period it formed a single bajrak (military-administrative unit).
Suma tribal territory is situated in the mountainous Pult region in the district of Shkodra, and is located around 20 km northeast of the city itself. It is on the western side of the upper Kir river. Suma tribal territory borders Kiri to the east, Xhani to the north, Rrjolli to the west, and Drishti to the south. Their main settlement is the village of Bruçaj (known previously as Suma). [1]
The majority of the Suma tribe believes that they hail from Mirdita, and that their ancestral forefathers are from the Oroshi tribe; therefore, the Suma are related to the Shoshi and Shala tribes. They would split into multiple branches in Bojët e Sumës, a location that is situated near the church of Xhani. [2] Another part of Suma claims to have arrived from the tribal territory of the Kuči in eastern Montenegro. According to oral tradition these brotherhoods trace their ancestry back to two brothers; Dol and Pyl Kuçi. Dol is considered to have been the founder and forefather of Gurra and Dajcë, while Pyl founded Bukmirë. This oral tradition may in fact reflect their origin from the historical Bukumiri tribe. [3]
In 1332, a Demetrius Suma was recorded. A 1335 document of Tsar Dušan mentions a certain Petrus Suma and Marcus Suma living in the Albanian katun of Tuzi . Historically, the tribe has been of a Catholic majority with a substantial Muslim minority. An Austro-Hungarian census of 1918 recorded 95 households with a total of 641 inhabitants living in the settlements of Suma and Shakota as well as their surroundings. In 1911, the Suma tribe attempted an anti-Ottoman uprising but suffered retaliation from Ottoman troops, who plundered the village and burnt down many homes - the Suma tribe was destitute at this point. [4] In 1685, a certain D. Luca Summa from Shkodra had his poem published in the Cuneus Prophetarum by Pjetër Bogdani. [5]
Medun is a settlement located 13 km northeast of the capital Podgorica, Montenegro. The village houses the archaeological site of the ancient fortified city of Medeon. It is situated in the tribal area of Upper Kuči, one of the highland tribes. In the 2003 census, it had 108 inhabitants. In ancient times, Medun was inhabited by the Illyrians between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC.
Pjetër Bogdani, known in Italian as Pietro Bogdano, was the most original writer of early literature in Albania. He was author of the Cuneus Prophetarum, 1685, the first prose work of substance written originally in (Gheg) Albanian. He organized a resistance against the Ottomans and a pro-Austrian movement in Kosovo in 1689 that included Muslim and Christian Albanians.
Kelmendi is a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and region in Malësia and eastern Montenegro. It is located in the upper valley of the Cem river and its tributaries in the Accursed Mountains range of the Dinaric Alps. The Vermosh river springs in the village of the same, which is Albania's northernmost village. Vermosh pours into Lake Plav.
Kuči is a historical tribe (pleme) of Albanian origin and a region in central and eastern Montenegro, north-east of Podgorica, extending along the border with Albania. Its historical center is the village of Medun.
Hoti is a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and sub-region of Malësia, a divided area located in northern Albania and southern Montenegro. Its geography is mostly mountainous, but some of its villages are on flat terrain near the banks of Lake of Shkodër.
Gruda is a Northern Albanian tribe and historical tribal region in southeastern Montenegro, just north of Lake Skadar, which includes the small town of Tuzi, in Podgorica. It is inhabited by a majority of ethnic Albanians.
Nora of Kelmendi is a legendary folktale 17th century Albanian woman for her beauty and valor.
Cuneus Prophetarum is a philosophical, theological and scientific treatise written by Pjetër Bogdani, an Albanian philosopher, originally published in Padua in 1685 in Albanian and Latin. It is considered to be the most prominent work of early Albanian literature.
Llukë Bogdani was an Ottoman poet of Albanian origin.
The Albanian tribes form a historical mode of social organization (farefisní) in Albania and the southwestern Balkans characterized by a common culture, often common patrilineal kinship ties tracing back to one progenitor and shared social ties. The fis stands at the center of Albanian organization based on kinship relations, a concept which can be found among southern Albanians also with the term farë.
Berisha is a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and region in Pukë, northern Albania. Berisha is one of the oldest documented Albanian tribes, first recorded in 1242 in Dulcigno. In the Middle Ages, it was widely spread across northern Albania, southern Montenegro and Kosovo. People who traced their origin to Berisha are also found in the coastal trading hubs of Dalmatia in the Middle Ages. Berisha formed its own territorial community in Pukë in the course of the 14th century.
Gashi is an Albanian surname and the name of one of the major historical tribes of northern Albania. It is a historical tribal region situated in the Highlands of Gjakova. The Gashi tribe is known to follow the Kanuni i Malësisë së Madhë, a variant of the Kanun. They were known among the mountain tribes for their wisdom.
Lohja is a historical Albanian tribe located in a small area of the same name in Malësia, northern Albania.
Shoshi is a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and region of northern Albania in the lower Shala valley. Shoshi is first recorded as a small settlement in 1485. The fis itself traces its origin to the brothers Gjol and Pep Suma. The community of their descendants gradually grew to control part of the Dukagjin highlands. In the 19th century Shoshi also became a bajrak.
Trieshi is a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and region in Montenegro above the right bank of the Cem river near the Albanian border in Tuzi Municipality. It is part of the region of Malësia.
Toplana is a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and ethnographic region located on the northern banks of the River Drin in northern Albania.
The Rrjolli is a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and region in Malësia of north Albania. The tribal region is centred along the banks of the Rrjoll river that stems from Mount Bishkaz and empties into Lake Shkodër. The Rrjolli tribe is not a traditional fis in the sense of a community that claims paternal descent from one common ancestor; rather, it is polyphyletic. During the Ottoman period it formed a single bajrak.
Pult or Pulat, is a region in northern Albania. It is bordered by the Malësia Region to its north and by the Dukagjin Highlands to its east and its south. The region has traditionally been inhabited by the Plani, Kiri, Suma, Xhani, Drishti and Rrjolli tribes. The Pult region is situated on the Kir river and extends beyond Drisht to Prekal.
The Plani are a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and region in Pult of north Albania. The Plani tribe is not a traditional fis in the sense of a community that claims paternal descent from one common ancestor; rather, it is polyphyletic. During the Ottoman period it formed a single bajrak.
Xhani is a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and ethnographic region located on the western side of the upper Kir river in the wider region of Pulti, northern Albania.