Superman: Krypton Coaster

Last updated

Superman: Krypton Coaster
Superman SFFT.jpg
Six Flags Fiesta Texas
Location Six Flags Fiesta Texas
Park section DC Universe
Coordinates 29°35′43″N98°36′36″W / 29.595150°N 98.609991°W / 29.595150; -98.609991
StatusOperating
Opening dateMarch 11, 2000 (2000-03-11)
Cost$20 million
General statistics
Type Steel  – Floorless Coaster
Manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard
Designer Werner Stengel
Model Floorless Coaster - Custom
Track layout Terrain
Lift/launch system Chain lift hill
Height183 ft (56 m)
Drop168 ft (51 m)
Length4,025 ft (1,227 m)
Speed70 mph (110 km/h)
Inversions 6
Duration2:35
Max vertical angle58[ citation needed ]°
Capacity1600 riders per hour
G-force 3.8[ citation needed ]
Height restriction54 in (137 cm)
Trains3 trains with 8 cars. Riders are arranged 4 across in a single row for a total of 32 riders per train.
Fastpass availability icon.svg Flash Pass available
Superman: Krypton Coaster at RCDB

Superman: Krypton Coaster is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Fiesta Texas amusement park in San Antonio. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the Floorless Coaster model opened to the public in 2000 as one of the first of its kind in the world. The well-received ride held the title for the world's tallest vertical loop (145 feet) from its opening until 2013. Superman: Krypton Coaster stands 168 feet (51 m) tall and reaches a maximum speed of 70 mph (110 km/h).

Contents

History

In 1999, Six Flags Great Adventure spent $42 million on new attractions including a prototype Floorless Coaster by Bolliger & Mabillard, Medusa. [1] The immediate popularity of the ride, [2] led to Six Flags Fiesta Texas to announce plans to install a Floorless Coaster in 2000; [3] Superman: Krypton Coaster was announced on November 1, 1999. [4] The announcement of the $20 million roller coaster was a part of a wider multimillion-dollar expansion of Six Flags Fiesta Texas. [5]

At the time of the ride's announcement, construction had already begun on unused land bordered by quarry walls and an irrigation pond. [5] [6] The initial plans for the ride specified it would have seven inversions including a 114-foot-tall (35 m) vertical loop and a 96-foot-tall (29 m) dive loop. [6] Following the ride's announcement, the design was altered to remove the dive loop and increase the size of the vertical loop to 145 feet (44 m). [7] [8] This saw Superman: Krypton Coaster obtain the record for the world's tallest vertical loop when it officially opened to the public on March 11, 2000. [7] It held the title for 13 years until the addition of Full Throttle at Six Flags Magic Mountain in 2013. [8]

On March 6, 2010, Six Flags Fiesta Texas offered exclusive ride time on Superman: Krypton Coaster to help celebrate the ride's 10th anniversary. [9] On June 22, 2013, Superman: Krypton Coaster lost the title of having the world's tallest vertical loop when Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California opened Full Throttle, which features a 160-foot-tall (49 m) vertical loop, 15 feet (4.6 m) taller than the loop on Superman: Krypton Coaster. [8] [10] [11] [12]

On March 3, 2016, Six Flags announced that the roller coaster would be one of several rides at various Six Flags parks to feature a VR system. Riders have the option of wearing a Samsung Gear VR headset, powered by Oculus to create a 360-degree, 3D experience while riding. It is themed to Superman saving a city from Lex Luthor's Lex Bots who are causing chaos with an anti-gravity ray. [13]

Characteristics

The ride's vertical loop and mid-course helix Superman Krypton Coaster vertical loop.jpg
The ride's vertical loop and mid-course helix

Statistics

The 4,025-foot-long (1,227 m) Superman: Krypton Coaster stands 183 feet (56 m) tall. [7] With a top speed of 70 miles per hour (110 km/h), the ride ties with Iron Rattler as the fastest roller coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas. [7] [14] The ride features six inversions including a 145-foot-tall (44 m) vertical loop, a Spriling Camelback (also known as a zero-g roll), a 78-foot-tall (24 m) cobra roll and two Flatspins, similar to acorkscrew. [7] [8]

Trains

Superman: Krypton Coaster operates with three floorless trains. Each train seats 32 riders in eight rows of four. This gives the ride a theoretical hourly capacity of 1600 riders per hour. [7] The open-air trains feature seats which leave riders' legs dangling above the track. Riders are restrained with over-the-shoulder restraints. [5] As the trains are floorless, the station has a retractable floor for safe boarding. [6]

Ride experience

Superman: Krypton Coaster's initial plunge over the quarry wall FiestaTexas3.jpg
Superman: Krypton Coaster's initial plunge over the quarry wall

After riders have boarded and the station floor is retracted, the train makes a left turn out of the station. This leads directly to the 183-foot-tall (56 m) chain lift hill. Followd by a fairly level 180 degree turn to the right above the quarry wall. This leads into a 168-foot (51 m) drop off the quarry wall directly into the 145-foot-tall (44 m) vertical loop. With the quarry wall on the track's right, the train climbs to the top of the wall and passes through a 360 degree clockwise helix. After dropping from the quarry wall again, the train enters the Sprialing Camelback (zero-g roll), where riders experience a feeling of weightlessness, then through a 78-foot-tall (24 m) cobra roll. Exiting the cobra roll, the train makes a left hand ascent, then veers right as it approaches the quarry wall and enters block brakes. the train dives to the right and enters a set of interlocking Flatspins (corkscrews). After passing through the second Flatspins, the train makes a right hand turn, and rises into the final brake run before returning to the station. [7] [15] [16]

Reception

Prior to launch, General Manager of Six Flags Fiesta Texas John Odum stated Superman: Krypton Coaster was "the big-league ride we have really needed". He stated the design of the ride, which interacts with the quarry wall, would make a thrilling ride: "being that close to the wall there is a good sense of speed". [5] In May 2000, two months after Superman: Krypton Coaster opened, it was reported that the park was "off to a flying start" for the season. [17] Six Flags Fiesta Texas officials stated the ride proved popular in its first year of operation. [18]

In Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards, Superman: Krypton Coaster was ranked in the top 50 steel roller coasters numerous times since its opening. It peaked at position 24 in 2002, [19] before it dropped to 50 in 2008 [20] and rose again to 38 in 2011. Since then, it has not ranked on the Golden Ticket Awards' list of top 50 steel coasters. [21]

Golden Ticket Awards: Top steel Roller Coasters
Year20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019
Ranking– [22] 36 [23] 24 [19] 25 [24] 27 [25] 33 [26] 33 [27] 36 [28] 50 [20] 44 [29] – [30] 38 [21] – [31] – [32] – [33] – [34] – [35] – [36] – [37] – [38]

Related Research Articles

A steel roller coaster is a type of roller coaster classified by its steel track, which consists of long steel tubes that are run in pairs, supported by larger steel columns or beams. Trains running along the track typically rely on wheels made of polyurethane or nylon to keep each train car anchored to the track. The introduction of tubular steel drastically changed roller coaster innovation, allowing for greater speeds, higher drops, and more intense elements such as inversions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superman – Ride of Steel</span> Steel roller coaster

Superman – Ride of Steel is a steel roller coaster based on the DC Comics character Superman at two Six Flags theme parks in the United States. Both hypercoasters were manufactured by Intamin and feature identical layouts, opening one year apart; Six Flags Darien Lake in 1999 and Six Flags America in 2000. The roller coaster at Six Flags Darien Lake, was renamed in 2007, to Ride of Steel, dropping the character theme, when the company sold the park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Six Flags Fiesta Texas</span> Amusement park in San Antonio, Texas

Six Flags Fiesta Texas, formerly known simply as Fiesta Texas, is an amusement park in San Antonio, Texas, United States. It opened on March 14, 1992, in the La Cantera master-planned development and district as the first business in that development. Spanning 200 acres (81 ha), the park was originally built to become a destination musical show park with its focus on the musical culture of the state of Texas. The park was purchased by Time Warner in 1995, and branded as a Six Flags park for the 1996 season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Floorless Coaster</span> Type of roller coaster

A Floorless Coaster, commonly known as a Floorless Roller Coaster, is a type of steel roller coaster manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard where riders sit with no floor underneath them, allowing their feet to swing freely just above the track. Development of the Floorless Coaster model began between 1995 and 1996 with Medusa at Six Flags Great Adventure opening on April 2, 1999, making it the world's first Floorless Roller Coaster. Floorless Roller Coasters also tend to have 3 to 7 inversions incorporated in the layout of the coaster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Riddler's Revenge</span> Roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain

The Riddler's Revenge is a steel stand-up roller coaster located at Six Flags Magic Mountain. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the ride opened as the park's eleventh roller coaster on April 4, 1998, setting multiple world records among stand-up coasters. Originally located in the Movie District section of the park, which later became Metropolis in 2017, The Riddler's Revenge was also the park's single biggest investment at a cost of $14 million. It features a height of 156 feet (48 m), a maximum speed of 65 mph (105 km/h), six inversions, and a track length of 4,370 feet (1,330 m).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kumba (roller coaster)</span> Ride at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay

Kumba is a steel roller coaster located at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the ride opened in 1993. It stands 143 feet (44 m) tall and has a top speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). Kumba features a total of seven inversions across the 3-minute ride. It is Busch Gardens Tampa Bay's oldest roller coaster that is still operating, following the closure of Scorpion in 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Montu (roller coaster)</span> Ride at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay

Montu is an inverted roller coaster at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida. Designed by Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard, it is the park's second roller coaster designed by that company following the success of Kumba, which opened 3 years prior. When the ride opened on May 16, 1996, it was the world's tallest and fastest inverted roller coaster, a title it has since conceded to Alpengeist at sister park Busch Gardens Williamsburg. The ride stands 150 feet (46 m) tall and reaches speeds of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medusa (Six Flags Great Adventure)</span> Steel floorless roller coaster

Medusa, formerly known as Bizarro, is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the ride debuted as the world's first floorless roller coaster on April 2, 1999. It was repainted and rethemed to Bizarro in 2009. In 2022, it was repainted and renamed back to Medusa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superman: Ultimate Flight</span> Roller coasters at three Six Flags parks

Superman: Ultimate Flight is the name of three flying roller coasters currently operating at three Six Flags amusement parks in the United States, those being Six Flags Over Georgia, Six Flags Great Adventure and Six Flags Great America. Each of these steel coasters were designed and built by Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard and opened in 2002 and 2003. Since 2003, Six Flags has installed Superman: Ultimate Flight in three of their parks. Themed to the popular comic book character, Superman: Ultimate Flight simulates flying by positioning its passengers parallel to the track, supported by harnesses and facing the ground through most of the ride. In the station, riders board the train sitting down. After the train is locked and checked, the trains are raised into the flying position. After the ride, the seats are lowered back into the sitting position for the next round of riders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kraken (roller coaster)</span> Ride at SeaWorld Orlando

Kraken is a steel roller coaster at SeaWorld Orlando in Orlando, Florida, United States. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the ride opened as the second longest floorless coaster in the world on June 1, 2000, with a track length measuring 4,177 feet (1,273 m). It features a total of seven inversions and reaches a maximum speed of 65 mph (105 km/h). The coaster was named after a fictional sea monster of the same name. In late 2016, Kraken underwent a refurbishment and reopened as Kraken Unleashed in June 2017. A virtual reality experience was added to the ride, but due to technical difficulties and extensive wait times, the feature was permanently removed the following year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scream (roller coaster)</span> Steel roller coaster

Scream is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain. Manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard, the Floorless Coaster model was the park's sixteenth roller coaster and is located in the Screampunk District area of the park. The 150-foot-tall (46 m) ride consists of a series of roller coaster elements including seven inversions ranging from a zero-g roll to interlocking corkscrews. The ride is a mirror image of Medusa at Six Flags Great Adventure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viper (Six Flags Magic Mountain)</span> Steel roller coaster

Viper is a steel roller coaster located in the Baja Ridge area of Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Viper is the last operating roller coaster with seven inversions to be built by American manufacturer Arrow Dynamics. The other two, Shockwave at Six Flags Great America and the Great American Scream Machine at Six Flags Great Adventure, were demolished in 2002 and 2010, respectively. The roller coaster replaced a HUSS ride type named Condor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron Rattler</span> Steel roller coaster in San Antonio

Iron Rattler is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio. The ride originally opened in 1992 as Rattler, the tallest wooden roller coaster in the world. It was converted to steel in 2013 by Rocky Mountain Construction (RMC), led by designer Alan Schilke, and reopened as Iron Rattler. RMC installed their patented I-Box track onto Rattler's existing wooden structure, increasing the drop height from 124 to 171 feet and the maximum speed from 65 to 70 mph. A notable addition to its layout was a zero-g roll inversion, which was a first among hybrid coasters made of wood and steel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Griffon (roller coaster)</span> Steel roller coaster in Virginia

Griffon is a steel roller coaster located at Busch Gardens Williamsburg amusement park in James City County, Virginia, United States. Designed by Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M), the Dive Coaster model opened to the public on May 18, 2007. It climbs to a height of 205 feet (62 m) and reaches a maximum speed of 71 mph (114 km/h). It features two Immelmann loops, a splashdown, two vertical drops, and was the first B&M Dive Coaster to use floorless trains. Griffon was well-received by media and enthusiasts, and it placed third in 2007 in the category of Best New Ride polled by Amusement Today for their annual Golden Ticket Awards. Since its debut, it has also consistently ranked in the top 50 among steel roller coasters worldwide in the same annual publication, peaking at #19 in 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medusa (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)</span> Floorless roller coaster

Medusa is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo, California. Built by Bolliger & Mabillard, Medusa opened in 2000 as the first floorless roller coaster on the West Coast. The roller coaster features seven inversions, a 150-foot (46 m)-tall lift hill with a 150-foot (46 m) drop, and the first Sea serpent roll element ever built on a B&M roller coaster. The ride is the longest coaster in Northern California at 3,937 feet (1,200 m) long and is notable as having one of the largest vertical loops in the world at 128 feet (39 m). It also shares the height record in Northern California with another two rides in the same park, The Flash: Vertical Velocity, and Superman: Ultimate Flight at 150 feet (46 m) high.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goliath (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)</span> Steel inverted roller coaster

Goliath is an inverted roller coaster located at Six Flags Fiesta Texas in San Antonio, Texas, United States. Designed by Werner Stengel and Swiss manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard, Goliath initially opened in 1995 at an amusement park in Japan, it then operated at Six Flags New Orleans until Hurricane Katrina caused the parks abandonment in 2005 and removal of Goliath to Six Flags Fiesta Texas where it has operated since 2008. It stands at a height of 105 feet (32 m), reaches a maximum speed of 50 mph (80 km/h), and features multiple inversions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superman The Ride</span> Steel roller coaster

Superman The Ride is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags New England in Agawam, Massachusetts. Built by Liechtensteiner manufacturer Intamin, the hypercoaster opened to the public as Superman – Ride of Steel in 2000. It features a 208-foot (63 m) lift hill, a 221-foot (67 m) drop, and a maximum speed of 77 mph (124 km/h). In 2009, the park changed the name to Bizarro, named after a DC Comics character portrayed as the antithesis of Superman. In accordance with the theme change, the coaster's track and supports were repainted with a purple and dark blue color scheme, and other special effects were added. In 2016, the Six Flags reverted to the original theme, but instead of restoring the name, it was changed to Superman The Ride. A virtual reality feature was added the same year, which created an optional 3D experience for passengers, but was removed prior to the 2017 season.

Afterburn (roller coaster) Inverted roller coaster at Carowinds

Afterburn is an inverted roller coaster located at Carowinds amusement park in Charlotte, North Carolina. After more than two years of planning and construction, the roller coaster opened on March 20, 1999. The ride previously operated as Top Gun: The Jet Coaster, before it was renamed following Cedar Fair's purchase of Paramount Parks in 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mr. Freeze (roller coaster)</span> Roller coasters at two Six Flags parks

Mr. Freeze is a launched shuttle roller coaster located at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington, Texas, with another installation known as Mr. Freeze: Reverse Blast at Six Flags St. Louis in Eureka, Missouri. The steel coasters feature a linear induction motor (LIM) launch system that accelerate riders from 0–70 mph (0–113 km/h) in 3.8 seconds. The two installations are mirror images of one another and are themed to the famous Batman villain Mr. Freeze. Originally, they were themed after the 1997 film Batman & Robin prior to a conversion in 2012 to operate backward. The Over Texas version returned to forward operation in 2022, but in July 2023, it started operating with one train launching backward and one train launching forward to offer different experiences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Full Throttle (roller coaster)</span> Roller coaster at Magic Mountain

Full Throttle is a launched roller coaster located in Six Flags Plaza at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Designed and manufactured by Premier Rides, the ride opened to the public on June 22, 2013. It featured the world's tallest vertical loop of 160 feet (49 m) when it opened, a record that was surpassed in 2016 by Flash at Lewa Adventure in Xianyang, China. Its top hat element is also unique in the way it is situated on top of a vertical loop. It is the only roller coaster to have track on the bottom and top of a vertical loop.

References

  1. ↑ O'Brien, Tim (February 1, 1999). "Six Flags Great Adventure to turn into 'superpark'". Amusement Business. 111 (5): 3.
  2. ↑ O'Brien, Tim (June 7, 1999). "Park attendance off to a great start for 1999". Amusement Business. 111 (23): 1.
  3. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Roller Coaster Search Results  (Category = Floorless)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  4. ↑ "Late News". Amusement Business. 111 (44): 3. November 1, 1999.
  5. 1 2 3 4 O'Brien, Tim (November 8, 1999). "$20 Mil Floorless Coaster To Have Superman Theme At Fiesta Texas". Amusement Business. 111 (45): 21.
  6. 1 2 3 "Six Flags Fiesta Texas to Build New Coaster" (Press release). Six Flags Fiesta Texas. November 1, 1999.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Marden, Duane. "Superman Krypton Coaster  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  8. 1 2 3 4 MacDonald, Brady (August 30, 2012). "Six Flags Magic Mountain adding Full Throttle coaster in 2013". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  9. ↑ Six Flags Fiesta Texas (March 10, 2010). "Superman Krypton Coaster 10th Anniversary". Facebook. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  10. ↑ Martin, Hugo (August 30, 2012). "Six Flags Magic Mountain announces 18th coaster". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  11. ↑ "Magic Mountain Announces Next Mega-Coaster". SCVNews. August 30, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  12. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Full Throttle  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  13. ↑ "Six Flags adds VR roller coasters". Digital Trends. March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  14. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Iron Rattler  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  15. ↑ "Superman Krypton Coaster Front Row Seat on-ride HD POV Six Flags Fiesta Texas". Coaster Force. YouTube. August 29, 2011. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Superman (HD POV) Six Flags Fiesta Texas". Sharp Productions. YouTube. June 13, 2011. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
  17. ↑ Emmons, Natasha (May 8, 2000). "Pacific Currents". Amusement Business. 112 (19): 3.
  18. ↑ Mooradian, Don (March 26, 2001). "Parks Have High Hopes For Upcoming Season". Amusement Business. 113 (12): 22, 24.
  19. 1 2 "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 7B. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  20. 1 2 "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 12 (6.2): 36–37. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  21. 1 2 "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 15 (6.2): 38–39. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  22. ↑ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . August 2000.
  23. ↑ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 7B. August 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  24. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 14–15B. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 18–19B. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2007.
  26. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 26–27B. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  27. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today : 26–27B. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  28. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 11 (6.2): 36–37. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  29. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 13 (6.2): 32–33. September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  30. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 14 (6.2): 34–35. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  31. ↑ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 16 (6.2): 36–37. September 2012.
  32. ↑ "2013 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 17 (6.2): 34–35. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  33. ↑ "2014 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 18 (6.2): 46–47. September 2014.
  34. ↑ "2015 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today . 19 (6.2): 49–50. September 2015.
  35. ↑ "2016 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2016.
  36. ↑ "2017 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2017.
  37. ↑ "2018 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2018.
  38. ↑ "2019 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards . Amusement Today. September 2019.
Preceded by World's Tallest Vertical Loop
March 2000 – June 2013		Succeeded by
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.