Synetinae

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Synetinae
Syneta sp.jpg
Syneta sp.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Subfamily: Synetinae
LeConte & Horn, 1883 [1]
Genera

Syneta
Thricolema

The Synetinae are a small subfamily within the leaf beetle family (Chrysomelidae). They are found entirely within the Holarctic, mainly in North America but also appearing in parts of Europe and Asia. The subfamily contains only two genera, Syneta and Thricolema , with a total of 12 described species. The group is sometimes treated as a tribe of Eumolpinae, where they are known as Synetini.

Classification

Historically, the genera Syneta and Thricolema were placed within the Orsodacnidae, which was formerly considered a subfamily within the Chrysomelidae. The family-group name was first proposed as "Synetae" in 1883 by John Lawrence LeConte and George Henry Horn, though it is often attributed instead to J. Gordon Edwards (1953) who classified Orsodacnidae as a family and established Synetinae as a subfamily (though he believed that they differed enough to be considered a separate family, Synetidae). [2] The Synetinae were later recognised as a subfamily within Chrysomelidae. [3]

In a 1995 cladistic analysis of the leaf beetle subfamilies, Australian entomologist Chris A.M. Reid treated the Synetinae as a tribe (Synetini) within the subfamily Eumolpinae, based on the similarities of the larvae of Syneta with those in the Eumolpinae. However, the inclusion of Syneta in the Eumolpinae was disputed by other leaf beetle workers, who argued that the morphological data does not support their inclusion and that the similarities in larval characters are superficial, and that therefore Synetinae should be retained as a separate subfamily. The exact relationship of Synetinae with the other leaf beetle subfamilies is still unclear. [4] [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leaf beetle</span> Family of beetles

The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, but the precise taxonomy and systematics are likely to change with ongoing research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eumolpinae</span> Subfamily of leaf beetles

The Eumolpinae are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. It is one of the largest subfamilies of leaf beetles, including more than 500 genera and 7000 species. They are oval, and convex in form, and measure up to 10 mm in size. Typical coloration for this subfamily of beetles ranges from bright yellow to dark red. Many species are iridescent or brilliantly metallic blue or green in appearance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Megalopodidae</span> Family of beetles

The Megalopodidae are a small family of leaf beetles, previously included as a subfamily within the Chrysomelidae. One of its constituent subfamilies, Zeugophorinae, has also frequently been treated as a subfamily within Chrysomelidae. The family contains approximately 30 genera worldwide, primarily in the nominate subfamily Megalopodinae, and mostly circumtropical.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disteniidae</span> Family of beetles

The Disteniidae are a small family of beetles in the superfamily Chrysomeloidea, traditionally treated as a group within the Cerambycidae.

<i>Xanthonia</i> Genus of leaf beetles

Xanthonia is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is distributed in North and Central America, and in East, Southeast and South Asia.

Thricolema is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Synetinae. It contains only one species, Thricolema anomala, known from California and Oregon in the United States. Thricolema resembles Syneta, except that the adult females of Thricolema have simple tarsal claws, whereas adults of both sexes of Syneta have bifid claws. The body of an adult is elongated and fibrous. Adults are associated with Calocedrus decurrens.

<i>Syneta betulae</i> Species of beetle

Syneta betulae is a species of beetle from the family of leaf beetles, subfamily Synetinae.

<i>Syneta</i> Genus of beetles

Syneta is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Synetinae. There are about 11 described species in Syneta. The genus is entirely holarctic in distribution, with species appearing in North America, Siberia, East Asia and Northern Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eumolpini</span> Tribe of leaf beetles

Eumolpini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is the largest tribe in the subfamily, with approximately 170 genera found worldwide. Members of the tribe almost always have a longitudinal median groove on the pygidium, which possibly helps to keep the elytra locked at rest. They also generally have a subglabrous body, as well as appendiculate pretarsal claws.

<i>Trirhabda</i> Genus of beetles

Trirhabda is a genus of skeletonizing leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are more than 30 described species in Trirhabda. They are found in North America and Mexico.

<i>Glyptoscelis</i> Genus of leaf beetles

Glyptoscelis is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. There are 38 species of Glyptoscelis described from North, Central and South America. There are also three species of Glyptoscelis known from the West Indies, though they are wrongly placed in the genus. In addition, a single species was described from Hunan, China in 2021.

<i>Scelolyperus</i> Genus of beetles

Scelolyperus is a genus of skeletonizing leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are more than 20 described species in Scelolyperus. They are found in North America, Mexico, and the Palaearctic.

Chrysodinopsis is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It was first described by the Czech entomologist Jan Bechyné in 1950. There are three described species in Chrysodinopsis. The genus is possibly synonymous with Brachypnoea.

Metaparia is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. There are nine described species in Metaparia, distributed from the United States to Central America.

<i>Colaspidea</i> Genus of leaf beetles

Colaspidea is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is known from North America and the Mediterranean. It has recently been suggested that the Mediterranean species of Colaspidea are a sister genus to Chalcosicya, and that Colaspina forms a sister genus to the former two combined. It has also been suggested that the North American species of Colaspidea may represent a separate genus.

<i>Hemisphaerota</i> Genus of beetles

Hemisphaerota is a genus in the subfamily Cassidinae in the family Chrysomelidae. There are about 10 described species in Hemisphaerota.

Graphops is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. There are 19 described species in Graphops, all from North America. Most species have limited flight capabilities, due to poorly developed wings, and at least one species is known to be flightless.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typophorini</span> Tribe of leaf beetles

Typophorini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. The tribe contains approximately 100 genera, which are found worldwide. Members of the tribe are mainly characterized by notches on the tibiae of the middle and hind legs, which are sometimes referred to as antenna cleaners. They also generally have a subglabrous body, as well as bifid pretarsal claws.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Euryopini</span> Tribe of leaf beetles

Euryopini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bromiini</span> Tribe of leaf beetles

Bromiini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. The tribe contains approximately 120 genera, which are found worldwide. They are generally thought to be an artificial group, often with a subcylindrical prothorax without lateral ridges and covered with setae or scales.

References

  1. Silfverberg, H. (2010). "Synetinae". In Löbl, I.; Smetana, A. (eds.). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 6. Chrysomeloidea. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books. p. 643. ISBN   978-87-88757-84-2.
  2. Edwards, J. G. (1953). "Species of the genus Syneta of the World (Coleoptera : Chrysomeloidea)". The Wasmann Journal of Biology. 11 (1): 23–82.
  3. Chûjô, M. (1959). 日本のハムシ(2):ホソハムシ亜科 [Chrysomelid-Beetles of Japan (2): Subfamily Synetinae](PDF). Entomological Review of Japan (in Japanese and English). 10 (1): 18–23.
  4. Jolivet, Pierre; Verma, Krishna K. (2008). "Eumolpinae – a widely distributed and much diversified subfamily of leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)" (PDF). Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews. 1 (1): 3–37. doi:10.1163/187498308X345424.
  5. Lawrence, John F.; Ślipiński, Adam (2014). "2.7.12 Synetinae LeConte and Horn, 1883". In Leschen, R.A.B.; Beutel, R.G. (eds.). Handbook of Zoology. Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera: Volume 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). Berlin - Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 278–284. doi:10.1515/9783110274462.189. ISBN   978-3-11-027370-0.