TI-84 Plus series

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TI-84 Plus series
TI-84 Plus SVG Colored.svg
The original TI-84 Plus calculator
Type Graphing calculator
Manufacturer Texas Instruments
Introduced2004
Latest firmwareTI-84 Plus and Silver Edition: 2.55MP
C Silver Edition: 4.2
Predecessor TI-83 Plus series
Successor TI-84 Plus CE series
Calculator
Entry mode Expression-based
CPU
Processor Zilog Z80
Frequency6/15 MHz
Programming
Programming language(s) TI-BASIC, Z80 Assembly
User memoryTI-84 Plus and Silver Edition: 24 KB
C Silver Edition: 21 KB
Firmware memoryTI-84 Plus: 480 KB
Silver Edition: 1.5 MB
C Silver Edition: 3.5 MB
Other
Power supplyTI-84 Plus and Silver Edition: 4 AAA batteries and 1 SR44 button cell
C Silver Edition: Lithium-ion rechargeable battery

The TI-84 Plus series is a line of graphing calculators produced by Texas Instruments. They have amassed a significant following for their support of assembly language and TI-BASIC programs, and the original TI-84 Plus was one of the first calculators to have a substantial hobbyist community. As a result, the series boasts a large library of community-created programs and software.

Contents

The family was superseded by the TI-84 Plus CE series in 2015; of the original series, only the TI-84 Plus is still in production, the Silver Edition and C Silver Edition having been discontinued that same year. However, they remain popular in the United States, with the TI-84 Plus being issued by schools more than 20 years after its introduction.

Beginning from around 2011, the series has received media attention from technology publications due to hobbyist app releases for the platform, such as an unofficial ChatGPT client, a web browser, and a neural network. In recent years, however, the TI-84 Plus has been increasingly criticized for its antiquated technology and poor value for money, with critics contending that its continued sale is a result of Texas Instruments' calculator monopoly.

Editions

TI-84 Plus

The original TI-84 Plus [a] was released in 2004 as an upgrade to the TI-83 Plus. [3] Together with the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition, they are known as the monochromes due to their monochrome displays. [4]

The keyboard layout, program compatibility, and user interface of the TI-84 Plus are identical to that of its predecessor. Despite this, it has significantly improved hardware; its CPU, the Zilog Z80, is 2.5 times as fast as the one in the TI-83 Plus, its display is of a higher contrast, and it has thrice as much flash memory. [3] [5] [6] The TI-84 Plus introduced a real-time clock and a mini-USB data transfer port. [7] The USB port is USB On-The-Go compliant—similar to the TI-Nspire calculator—allowing the TI-84 Plus to connect to, and exchange data with, another calculator; Texas Instruments calls this feature Link Mode. [1] It can also connect to a computer to transfer programs and files using Texas Instruments' proprietary program, TI-Connect. [8]

An all-white variant of the TI-84 Plus was introduced in 2023. [9] As of 2025, the TI-84 Plus is still in production and issued by schools around the United States; critics argue that the enduring prevalence of the TI-84 Plus—which is considerably less powerful than a smartphone, yet still costs more than some—has hindered innovation in calculator technology and is a result of monopoly, which Texas Instruments exploits by keeping prices at a level roughly twice that of competing calculators. [10] [11] [12]

TI-84 Plus Silver Edition

TI-84 Plus Silver Edition TI 84 Plus Silver Edition.svg
TI-84 Plus Silver Edition

The TI-84 Plus Silver Edition (SE) was introduced on January 7, 2004 as an upgrade to the TI-83 Plus Silver Edition. It features 24 KB of user-available RAM; the calculator technically has 128 KB—48 KB in newer revisions—but the operating system was never updated to utilize it. It has 1.5 MB of user-accessible ROM, more than three times the 480 KB in the TI-84 Plus. It came preloaded with approximately 30 applications. [13]

The Silver Edition has interchangeable faceplates, and new, colored faceplates were available for purchase at Texas Instruments' online store. [14] It was discontinued in 2015, making the TI-84 Plus the only currently produced calculator in the series. [15]

TI-84 Plus C Silver Edition

The TI-84 Plus C Silver Edition (C SE) was released in 2013 as the first Z80-based Texas Instruments graphing calculator with a color screen. [16]

It introduced a 320-by-240 pixel color screen, a modified version of the TI-84 Plus's 2.55MP operating system, and a removable 1200 mAh rechargeable lithium-ion battery. [17] [16] It was praised for its high-resolution color screen, which added new capabilities such as the ability to graph multiple simultaneous functions in different colors. [18] The C Silver Edition would not be Texas Instruments' last foray into color-screen calculators for the student market; the TI-84 Plus CE was introduced—with an upgraded CPU—two years later. [19] The C Silver Edition was discontinued a few months after the launch of the CE. [15]

Software

Programs and applications

The TI-84 Plus series supports both programs and applications. Programs are written by the user; some programs, like those written in TI-BASIC, are interpreted during execution and can thus be edited directly on the calculator. [20] [21] Applications (also called Flash applications [b] ) are stored in the calculator's ROM; these tend to be more complex than standard programs, and are usually from Texas Instruments themselves. [23] Officially, two programming languages are supported: TI-BASIC and Z80 assembly. [6] However, there are unofficial, community-developed languages—such as the Axe Parser—made specifically for the TI-84 Plus series. [24]

The series has a significant hobbyist following, and a wide variety of official and community-made software has been developed for it over the years. [25] [26] These include video games, math programs, educational tools, and graphing software. In recent years, programmers have created internet-based programs like a ChatGPT client, graphical ray-casting software, a web browser, and even neural networks that incorporate primitive artificial intelligence. [27] [28] [29] [30] These developments have attracted the attention of technology publications. [31] [32] [33]

Operating systems

There have been eight operating system releases for the monochrome calculators in the series (which include the TI-84 Plus and the Silver Edition), [7] [6] and two releases for the C Silver Edition. [34] [16] TI-84 Plus series calculators can run custom user interface shells, such as MirageOS and Doors CS. [35] In addition, calculators with an older bootloader can run custom operating systems like KnightOS. [36] [37]

Monochrome calculators

VersionRelease dateRelease information
2.21March 2004First release for the TI-84 Plus series. Added several new TI-BASIC commands. [38]
2.22August 2004
2.30December 2004Added discontinuity detection when graphing asymptotes. [39] Also added four new TI-BASIC commands. [38]
2.40November 2005Added the Press-To-Test feature, which allows an exam supervisor to temporarily disable the execution of most programs and applications. [40]
2.41May 2006
2.43December 2007
2.53MPFebruary 2010Introduced support for pretty-printing equations, called MathPrint. [41]
2.55MPJanuary 2011Added two new statistics-related TI-BASIC commands. Final release for the TI-84 Plus and the Silver Edition. [38]

C Silver Edition

VersionRelease dateRelease information
4.0April 2013First release for the C Silver Edition; not compatible with previous calculators in the series. [16]
4.2January 2014Final release for the C Silver Edition. [34]

Linking software

Texas Instruments develops the TI-Connect linking software, which hosts a number of sub-programs (called software tools) to manage TI-84 Plus series calculators. [8] [42]

ToolFunction
ScreenCaptureCapture and save a still of a calculator's screen.
DeviceInformationGenerate an information report of a calculator, which includes details such as its model, available storage, and installed applications.
DataEditorModify variables on a calculator, such as numbers, lists, and matrixes.
DeviceExplorerCopy files to and from a calculator, install programs and applications, and create file groups.
OS DownloaderUpgrade or downgrade the operating system on a calculator.
Backup/RestoreCreate and restore complete calculator backups, including RAM, applications, and flash memory.

Texas Instruments' newer program for the TI-84 Plus CE series calculators, TI-Connect CE, is backwards-compatible with the TI-84 Plus series; it can be used in place of TI-Connect. [43] TI-Connect is compatible with Windows XP and above, [8] while TI-Connect CE is compatible with Windows 10 and above. [43]

There are multiple third-party linking programs compatible with the TI-84 Plus series; most were developed for archaic platforms like the Commodore Amiga, the Atari, and MS-DOS, and cannot be run on modern computers. [44] [45] However, one of these programs—known as TiLP [c] —is more recent and supports Windows, macOS, and Linux. [48]

Technical specifications

ModelProcessorFlash ROMRAMDisplayI/OBatteryWeightDimensionsRef.
TI-84 Plus Zilog Z80 6/15 MHz, overclockable to 26 Mhz [49] 480 KB 29LV80024 KB Toshiba T6K04, monochrome, 96x64 pixels, 16x8 characters [50] Mini USB, 96 kbps link port4x AAA, 1x SR44 35 mA backup7.4 ounces7.5 x 3.3 x 0.85 inches [6]
TI-84 Plus Silver Edition Zilog Z80 6/15 MHz, overclockable to 26 Mhz [49] 1.5 MB 29LV160128 KB, later decreased to 48 KB. 24 KB user accessible. Toshiba T6K04, monochrome, 96x64 pixels, 16x8 characters [50] Mini USB, 96 kbps link port4x AAA, 1x SR44 35 mA backup7.6 ounces7.5 x 3.3 x 0.85 inches [13]
TI-84 Plus C Silver Ediiton Zilog Z80 6/15 MHz3.5MB MX29LV32021 KB Ilitek ILI9335, color, 320x240 pixels, 140 DPIMini USB, 96 kbps link port3.7L1200SP lithium-ion rechargeable7.4 ounces7.5 x 3.3 x 0.85 inches [16]

Equipment

Texas Instruments has released a variety of equipment for its graphing calculators. Even though only the Calculator-Based Ranger 2 features a USB port, the TI-84 Plus series can connect to older Texas Instruments equipment using its serial link port. [6] Since the newer TI-84 Plus CE series does not have this port, it is not compatible with most of this equipment. [19]

ViewScreen

The ViewScreen is an LCD display panel and projection system that mirrors the display of a calculator; it was first introduced in 1993, and there have been several models since. Unlike most other equipment, it does not use the link port, [d] so it is only compatible with ViewScreen variants of Texas Instruments calculators. However, there is a dongle—the Presentation Link Adapter—that allows a standard TI-84 Plus to connect to a ViewScreen panel. [51]

Presenter

The Presenter, introduced in 2003, is an alternative piece of calculator screen display equipment; instead of using a proprietary display panel and overhead projection system like the ViewScreen, the Presenter connects to an existing display device—such as a television or interactive whiteboard—using either an RF modulator or composite video input. Since it uses the same communication protocol as the ViewScreen, it is compatible with both the Presentation Link Adapter and ViewScreen variants of the TI-84 Plus. [52]

Calculator-Based Laboratory

The Calculator-Based Laboratory (CBL), a general purpose data acquisition unit, was introduced in 1994. It collects information from several types of modular sensors by Vernier, Inc.—at a speed of up to 10,000 data points per second—and sends it to a calculator via link cable, which records and graphs the data. It also features a display and basic firmware of its own for standalone data processing. [53] In 1999, the CBL was superseded by the CBL 2, which lacked a display for standalone use but introduced flash memory and increased the single-channel sample rate to 50,000 data points per second. [54]

Calculator-Based Ranger

The Calculator-Based Ranger (CBR), introduced in 1997, is, like the CBL, a data acquisition unit, but features a single built-in sonic sensor instead of multiple unique modular ones. It measures distances by emitting and receiving an ultrasonic pulse, and then calculating the distance traveled by performing a speed-of-sound calculation using its microprocessor. It then stores this information in a list—which can contain up to 512 data points—and transfers that to a calculator via link cable. [55] The CBR was replaced by the CBR 2 in 2004, which added a USB port for faster data transfer with the TI-84 Plus series. [56]

Orion Talking Graphing Calculator

The Orion TI-84 Plus Talking Graphing Calculator is an accessory for the TI-84 Plus produced by Texas Instruments in collaboration with Orbit Research and the American Printing House for the Blind. It adds general accessibility features such as speech access to menus and actions and being able to read out the contents of the calculator's display using speech synthesis. It requires a separate rechargeable battery in addition to the lithium-ion batteries normally used in the TI-84 Plus. [3] [57]

Variants

TI-84 Plus EZ-Spot

The TI-84 Plus EZ-Spot series, also known as the School editions and the School Property editions, are variants of TI-84 Plus series calculators produced by Texas Instruments and only made available for schools to purchase. [58] They have the words "School Property" emblazoned on their faceplate and are accented yellow; this easily distinguishable design was chosen in an effort to prevent theft. [59] The TI-84 Plus Silver Edition and C Silver Edition also have EZ-Spot variants. [60]

TI-84 Plus Silver Edition VSC

The TI-84 Plus Silver Edition ViewScreen Calculator, also known as the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition VSC, is a variant of the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition intended for educational use. [61] It has a display output that allows it to connect to a ViewScreen. [62]

TI-84 Plus T

The TI-84 Plus T is a variant of the TI-84 Plus; it was introduced in 2015 by Texas Instruments, exclusive to the Netherlands. This variant is similar to the rest of the series, but features an LED to indicate whether or not the calculator is in press-to-test mode. The hardware of the TI-84 Plus T is similar to the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition, but the TI-84 Plus T is no longer able to run the assembler. [63]

TI-84 Pocket.fr and Plus Pocket SE

The TI-84 Pocket.fr [e] was introduced in 2011 as a miniaturized variant of the TI-84 Plus for the French market. [65] It was the first region-specific calculator in the TI-84 Plus series. [66] A year later, the TI-84 Plus Pocket SE was introduced as a miniaturized variant of the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition for the Asian market. [67]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The "Plus" in "TI-84 Plus" represents the fact that it has user-accessible flash memory, [1] continuing a naming convention that originated with the TI-83 Plus series. [2] It does not descend from "the TI-84", and no original "TI-84" calculator ever existed. [3]
  2. ↑ The "Flash" in "Flash application" does not refer to Adobe Flash; it signifies that the application uses Texas Instruments' FLASH technology. [22]
  3. ↑ TiLP stands for "TiLP is a Linking Program", which is a recursive acronym. [46] The original TiLP (known as TiLP-1) was supplanted by TiLP II (also known as TiLP-2) around mid-2006. [47] This article refers to TiLP II when using the name TiLP.
  4. ↑ Link port, as used here, refers to the serial "I/O" link port on all TI-84 Plus series calculators, not the ViewScreen interface link port that only exists on ViewScreen-compatible variants.
  5. ↑ This is the only mentioned TI-84 Plus series calculator to not have the Plus in its name. However, it does still have flash memory, and is still considered part of the TI-84 Plus family due to it being a TI-84 Plus derivative. [64]

References

  1. 1 2 "TI-84 Plus Guidebook" (PDF). education.ti.com. Texas Instruments. Retrieved November 10, 2025.
  2. ↑ "TI-83 Plus and TI-83 Plus Silver Edition Guidebook" (PDF). education.ti.com. Texas Instruments. Retrieved November 10, 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "TI-84 Plus series: Timeline". education.ti.com. TI Education Hub. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
  4. ↑ Mitchell, Christopher (February 22, 2015). "TI-83 Plus/TI-84 Plus Monochrome ASM on the TI-84 Plus CSE | News | Cemetech". www.cemetech.net. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  5. ↑ "TI-83 Plus". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved November 11, 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "TI-84 Plus". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  7. 1 2 "TI-84 Plus - ticalc.org". www.ticalc.org. TICalc. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 "TI Connect™ Software". education.ti.com. TI Education Hub. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  9. ↑ "White TI-84 Plus". datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
  10. ↑ McFarland, Matt (September 2, 2014). "The unstoppable TI-84 Plus: How an outdated calculator still holds a monopoly on classrooms". The Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  11. ↑ Anderson, Tristan (February 29, 2024). "TI's Calculator Empire: The (Un)Stoppable TI-84". BHS Blueprint. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  12. ↑ Smith IV, Jack (September 28, 2015). "Remember Your Old Graphing Calculator? It Still Costs a Fortune — Here's Why". Mic. Retrieved November 12, 2025.
  13. 1 2 "TI-84 Plus Silver Edition". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  14. ↑ "Solution 19189: Using the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition Faceplate on the TI-83 Plus Family Graphing Calculators". education.ti.com. TI Education Hub. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  15. 1 2 Tech Powered Dad. "The Evolving TI-84 Plus Platform". www.techpoweredmath.com. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 "TI-84 Plus C Silver Edition". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  17. ↑ Mitchell, Christopher (February 20, 2013). "Hands-On with the TI-84 Plus C Silver Edition: Full Review - Cemetech - News". Cemetech. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  18. ↑ Tech Powered Dad (March 18, 2013). "TI-84 Plus C Silver Edition Review". www.techpoweredmath.com. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  19. 1 2 "TI-84 Plus CE". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  20. ↑ "Solution 10442: Executing TI-Basic and Assembly (ASM) Programs on the TI-86". education.ti.com. TI Education Hub. Retrieved November 12, 2025.
  21. ↑ "Solution 29090: Stopping, Breaking or Ending a TI-Basic Program on Texas Instruments Graphing Calculators". education.ti.com. Retrieved November 12, 2025.
  22. ↑ "Solution 11892: Running a Program from the Archive Memory on a Graphing Calculator with FLASH Technology". education.ti.com. TI Education Hub. Retrieved November 12, 2025.
  23. ↑ "Solution 11410: Benefits of Calculator Software Applications (Apps) Over User-created Programs". education.ti.com. TI Education Hub. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  24. ↑ Horowitz, Kevin. "Axe Parser 1.2.2 - ticalc.org". www.ticalc.org. TICalc. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  25. ↑ Hilliard, George (October 6, 2021). "The Insane Innovation of TI Calculator Hobbyists". www.thirtythreeforty.net. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  26. ↑ "TI-83/84 Plus Files (not including the TI-84 Plus C Silver Edition/CE) - ticalc.org". www.ticalc.org. TICalc. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  27. ↑ Biggs, John (July 25, 2011). "Gossamer Web Browser Runs On Your Graphing Calculator". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 13, 2025.
  28. ↑ Edwards, Benj. "Some Mad Genius Put ChatGPT on a TI-84 Graphing Calculator". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved September 2, 2025– via Ars Technica.
  29. ↑ Bild, Nick (July 2025). "An AI-Powered Spell Checker for the TI-84". Hackster.io. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  30. ↑ Davidson, Patrick. "Patrick Davidson's TI-84 Plus CE / TI-83 Premium CE page". www.ocf.berkeley.edu. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  31. ↑ Marcin, Tim (September 23, 2024). "See ChatGPT run on a TI-84 graphing calculator". Mashable. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  32. ↑ Harper, Christopher (September 22, 2024). "Modder hacks ChatGPT, other apps onto TI-84 calculator, creates 'The Ultimate Cheating Device'". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  33. ↑ Chung, Jackson (July 17, 2025). "This AI-Powered TI-84 is Now a Calculator That Spells Success, Literally". TechEBlog. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  34. 1 2 "TI-84 Plus C Silver Edition - ticalc.org". www.ticalc.org. TICalc. Retrieved September 2, 2025.
  35. ↑ "Main Page". dcs.cemetech.net. Doors CS, hosted on Cemetech . Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  36. ↑ "TI-83/84 Plus Operating Systems - ticalc.org". www.ticalc.org. TICalc. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  37. ↑ "Homepage". KnightOS Team.
  38. 1 2 3 "OS Changelog". tibasicdev.wikidot.com. TI-Basic Developer. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
  39. ↑ "Solution 23250: Toggling the Discontinuity Detection Setting on the TI-84 Plus Family Graphing Calculator to Show/Hide Asymptotes". education.ti.com. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  40. ↑ "Press-to-Test for TI-84 Plus & TI-84 Plus Silver Edition" (PDF). Texas Instruments (Wayback Machine). Retrieved November 12, 2005.
  41. ↑ "MATHPRINT™ CLASSIC". education.ti.com. TI Education Hub. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  42. ↑ "TI-Connect Guidebook". education.ti.com. TI Education Hub. Retrieved September 5, 2025.
  43. 1 2 "TI Connect™ CE Software Application". education.ti.com. TI Education Hub. Retrieved September 5, 2025.
  44. ↑ "Linking - ticalc.org". www.ticalc.org. TICalc. Retrieved November 10, 2025.
  45. ↑ Dube, Ryan (February 21, 2018). "Why Can't 64-Bit Operating Systems Run 16-Bit Apps?". MUO. Retrieved November 4, 2025.
  46. ↑ "Features". lpg.ticalc.org. The TiLP Project. Retrieved November 10, 2025.
  47. ↑ "News". lpg.ticalc.org. The TiLP Project. Retrieved November 10, 2025.
  48. ↑ "Homepage". lpg.ticalc.org. The TiLP Project. Retrieved November 10, 2025.
  49. 1 2 Day, Lewin (June 16, 2020). "Overclocking And Watercooling The TI-84, Just Cause". Hackaday. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  50. 1 2 "Solution 12668: Screen Dimensions on TI Graphing Calculators". education.ti.com. TI Education Hub. Retrieved November 10, 2025.
  51. ↑ "ViewScreen". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved November 14, 2025.
  52. ↑ "TI Presenter". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved November 17, 2025.
  53. ↑ "Calculator-Based Laboratory". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved November 14, 2025.
  54. ↑ "Calculator-Based Laboratory 2". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved November 14, 2025.
  55. ↑ "Calculator-Based Ranger". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved November 14, 2025.
  56. ↑ "Calculator-Based Ranger 2". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved November 14, 2025.
  57. ↑ "Orion TI-84 Plus Talking Graphing Calculator User's Guide". tech.aph.org. APH Tech. Retrieved November 17, 2025.
  58. ↑ "TI-84 Plus (EZ-Spot)". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  59. ↑ "TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator". education.ti.com. TI Education Hub. Retrieved November 10, 2025.
  60. ↑ "TI-84 Plus Silver Edition (EZ-Spot)". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  61. ↑ "TI-84 Plus Silver Edition (ViewScreen Calculator)". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  62. ↑ "TI ViewScreen 82". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
  63. ↑ "TI-84 Plus T". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  64. ↑ "TI-84 Pocket.fr". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved November 14, 2025.
  65. ↑ "TI-84 Pocket.fr" (in French). TI Education Hub, France. Archived from the original on April 3, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  66. ↑ "TI-84 Pocket.fr". www.datamath.org. Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved November 14, 2025.
  67. ↑ "TI-84 Plus Pocket SE". TI Education Hub, Asia. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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