| TMEM176B | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | TMEM176B , LR8, MS4B2, transmembrane protein 176B | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 610385 MGI: 1916348 HomoloGene: 8521 GeneCards: TMEM176B | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Wikidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Transmembrane Protein 176B, or TMEM176B is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM176B gene. It is thought to play a role in the process of maturation of dendritic cells. [5]
TMEM176B is also known as LR8, and MS4B2. [6] The gene is found on the minus end of Chromosome 7, on the long arm at position 7q36.1. [7] The starting position of the gene is at 150,791,287 and goes to 150,801,360. It has 10,074 base pairs and has a total of 11 exons. [8]
TMEM176A and LOC105375566 is a neighbor of TMEM176B. [9] [10]
The gene is found to be most expressed in the liver with the kidney being the second most expressed tissue. [6]
There are 3 isoforms (A, B, C) of this gene with variants of isoform A and C. Isoform A variant 1 has 1444 nucleotides that encode 270 amino acids. There are 17 alternatively spliced variants with 1 unspliced transcript variant. [11]
Below is a table of orthologs of TMEM176B, these include close and somewhat distant orthologs.
| Common name | Accession number | Sequence length | Sequence identity | Sequence similarity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | NP_054739.3 | 270 | 100 | 100 |
| Bonobo | XP_008966185.1 | 286 | 99 | 98 |
| Ugandan red colobus | XP_023081229.1 | 268 | 91 | 92 |
| Small-eared galago | XP_003792108.1 | 268 | 68 | 77 |
| Sunda flying lemur | XP_008564209.1 | 271 | 71 | 80 |
| House mouse | NP_001273581.1 | 263 | 53 | 66 |
| Ryukyu mouse | XP_021020106.1 | 265 | 53 | 67 |
| Przewalski's horse | XP_008506799.1 | 270 | 70 | 80 |
| Cheetah | XP_026907001.1 | 271 | 68 | 77 |
| Water buffalo | XP_006049155.1 | 265 | 66 | 76 |
| Wild yak | XP_005908946.1 | 265 | 65 | 75 |
| Sperm whale | XP_028345261.1 | 266 | 65 | 73 |
| Killer whale | XP_012392713.1 | 265 | 64 | 73 |
| Pacific walrus | XP_004408899.1 | 271 | 64 | 75 |
| Giant panda | XP_019651134.1 | 271 | 68 | 79 |
| Red fox | XP_025849593.1 | 273 | 63 | 73 |
| West Indian manatee | XP_004372786.1 | 271 | 66 | 76 |
| Koala | XP_020833594.1 | 268 | 46 | 62 |
| Asian arowana | XP_018595194.1 | 252 | 38 | 47 |
| Northern pike | XP_010904195.4 | 251 | 26 | 46 |
There are around 125 orthologs of the gene ranging from primates to mice and to certain species of fish. [13]
The homologs of this gene include chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse, and rat. [14]
The molecular weight of TMEM176B is 29.1 kilodaltons (kDa). The protein is rich in valine and poor in aspartic acid. [15] There are 4 transmembrane regions within TMEM176B isoform a. [16] There is a CD20 domain from 198-687. [17]
The CD20-like family includes the CD20 gene but is part of the family pfam04103 which is part of superfamily cl04401. This specific domain region is 489 bp. [18]
TMEM176B is composed of alpha helices, beta strands and TM helices. The Alpha helices make up most of the secondary structure followed by TM helices. [19]
Mainly localized to the Golgi apparatus but is additionally localized to the plasma membrane and nucleoplasm. [20]
The protein interacts most commonly with TMEM176A. It also interacts with TMEM47 and CPXM1 (carboxypeptidase 1) but at lower levels. [21]
There are 11 promoters in TMEM176B. The promoter region before isoform a is 1101 bp and covers 150,799,077-150,800,177. [22]
There are 4 phosphorylation sites in TMEM176B isoform a. [23]
There has been research that indicates that TMEM176B is associated with cancer when an abnormal of the gene accumulates. [24]
Transmembrane protein 134 is a protein encoded by the TMEM134 gene. TMEM134 does not have any other known aliases. There are two transmembrane domains and a domain of unknown function (DUF872). Evolutionary, the majority of the organisms that have this gene are primates and mammals, although there are some organisms dating back to Drosophila and C. elegans. Through current research, there has not been any confirmed function of TMEM134.
Family with sequence similarity 63, member A is a protein that, is encoded by the FAM63A gene in humans,. It is located on the minus strand of chromosome 1 at locus 1q21.3.
C8orf48 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C8orf48 gene. C8orf48 is a nuclear protein specifically predicted to be located in the nuclear lamina. C8orf48 has been found to interact with proteins that are involved in the regulation of various cellular responses like gene expression, protein secretion, cell proliferation, and inflammatory responses. This protein has been linked to breast cancer and papillary thyroid carcinoma.
TMEM156 is a gene that encodes the transmembrane protein 156 (TMEM156) in Homo sapiens. It has the clone name of FLJ23235.
PRR29 is a protein encoded by the PRR29 gene located in humans on chromosome 17 at 17q23.
Coiled-coil domain containing protein 180 (CCDC180) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCDC180 gene. This protein is known to localize to the nucleus and is thought to be involved in regulation of transcription as are many proteins containing coiled-coil domains. As it is expressed most highly in the testes and is regulated by SRY and SOX transcription factors, it could be involved in sex determination.
FAM71E1, also known as Family With Sequence Similarity 71 Member E1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM71E1 gene. It is thought to be ubiquitously expressed at low levels throughout the body, and it is conserved in vertebrates, particularly mammals and some reptiles. The protein is localized to the nucleus and can be exported to the cytoplasm.
Transmembrane protein 44 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM44 gene.
TMEM44 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM44 gene. DKFZp686O18124 is a synonym of TMEM44.
Transmembrane protein 125 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TMEM125 gene. It has 4 transmembrane domains and is expressed in the lungs, thyroid, pancreas, intestines, spinal cord, and brain. Though its function is currently poorly understood by the scientific community, research indicates it may be involved in colorectal and lung cancer networks. Additionally, it was identified as a cell adhesion molecule in oligodendrocytes, suggesting it may play a role in neuron myelination.
Single-pass membrane and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 3 is a protein that is encoded in humans by the SMCO3 gene.
Uncharacterized protein C17orf78 is a protein encoded by the C17orf78 gene in humans. The name denotes the location of the parent gene, being at the 78th open reading frame, on the 17th human chromosome. The protein is highly expressed in the small intestine, especially the duodenum. The function of C17orf78 is not well defined.
C12orf24 is a gene in humans that encodes a protein known as FAM216A. This gene is primarily expressed in the testis and brain, but has constitutive expression in 25 other tissues. FAM216A is an intracellular protein that has been predicted to reside within the nucleus of cells. The exact function of C12orf24 is unknown. FAM216A is highly expressed in Sertoli cells of the testis as well as different stage spermatids.
Leucine rich single-pass membrane protein 2 is a single-pass membrane protein rich in leucine, that in humans is encoded by the LSMEM2 gene. The LSMEM2 protein is conserved in mammals, birds, and reptiles. In humans, LSMEM2 is found to be highly expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle and tongue.
Transmembrane protein 221 (TMEM221) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM221 gene. The function of TMEM221 is currently not well understood.
TMEM275 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM275 gene. TMEM275 has two, highly-conserved, helical trans-membrane regions. It is predicted to reside within the plasma membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum's membrane.
Transmembrane protein 169 (TMEM169) in humans is encoded by TMEM169 gene. The aliases of TMEM169 include FLJ34263, DKFZp781L2456, and LOC92691. TMEM169 has the highest expression in the brain, particularly the fetal brain. TMEM169 has homologs mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, fish, chordates and invertebrates. The most distantly related homolog of TMEM169 is Anopheles albimanus.
Chromosome 9 open reading frame 85, commonly known as C9orf85, is a protein in Homo sapiens encoded by the C9orf85 gene. The gene is located at 9q21.13. When spliced, four different isoforms are formed. C9orf85 has a predicted molecular weight of 20.17 kdal. Isoelectric point was found to be 9.54. The function of the gene has not yet been confirmed, however it has been found to show high levels of expression in cells of high differentiation.
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 6 like (MFSD6L) is a protein encoded by the MFSD6L gene in humans. The MFSD6L protein is a transmembrane protein that is part of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) that uses chemiosmotic gradients to facilitate the transport of small solutes across cell membranes.
Transmembrane protein 212 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM212 gene. The protein consists of five transmembrane domains and localizes in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. TMEM212 has orthologs in vertebrates but not invertebrates. TMEM212 has been associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease, facial processing, and adiposity in African Americans.
