Taxi Driver (Alexander McQueen collection)

Last updated

McQueen's friend Alice Smith wearing a design from Taxi Driver in a photoshoot for The Daily Telegraph, corner inset of McQueen; March 1993 McQueen feather corset from Watt.png
McQueen's friend Alice Smith wearing a design from Taxi Driver in a photoshoot for The Daily Telegraph , corner inset of McQueen; March 1993

Taxi Driver (Autumn/Winter 1993) is the second collection by the British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. It was named after the 1976 film Taxi Driver , and his father, a London taxicab driver. McQueen developed the collection following his 1992 graduation from Central Saint Martins art school. At the time he was unemployed and seeking a job in the fashion industry; although he was reluctant to launch his own company, he worked on designs to pass the time. The collection included experimental techniques and silhouettes, most notably the bumster trouser, whose extremely low waist exposed the top of the intergluteal cleft.

Contents

In lieu of a traditional fashion show, Taxi Driver was exhibited in a room at The Ritz Hotel during London Fashion Week in March 1993. McQueen was one of six young designers funded by the British Fashion Council that year. Aided by magazine editor Isabella Blow, who took it upon herself to promote McQueen, the collection garnered positive reviews. When the exhibition ended, McQueen packed the clothing into bin bags, went clubbing, and left the bags hidden in the rubbish behind the club. When he returned the next day, all the rubbish bags had been removed. Nothing remains of the collection.

Background

British designer Alexander McQueen (born Lee Alexander McQueen) was known in the fashion industry for his imaginative, sometimes controversial, designs and dramatic fashion shows. [1] [2] During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism, romanticism, femininity, sexuality, and death. [3] [4] [5] The son of a London taxicab driver and a teacher, he grew up in one of the poorer neighborhoods in London's East End. [6] He began his career in fashion as an apprentice with Savile Row tailors Anderson & Sheppard before briefly joining Gieves & Hawkes as a pattern cutter. [7] [8] His work on Savile Row earned him a reputation as an expert tailor. [9]

In October 1990, at the age of 21, McQueen began the eighteen-month masters-level course in fashion design at Central Saint Martins (CSM), a London art school. [10] [11] McQueen met a number of his future collaborators at CSM, including Simon Ungless, with whom he later lived. [12] [13] He graduated with his master's degree in fashion design in 1992. His graduation collection, Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims , was bought in its entirety by magazine editor Isabella Blow, who became his mentor and his muse. [14]

Creation of label and collection

Label

Following his graduation from CSM in 1992, McQueen's friends wanted him to start his own label. He was concerned about the difficulty involved in launching a new business, and was more interested in landing a job with an existing fashion house. [15] He had interviews, but nothing came of them. At times, he worked as Blow's assistant, but mainly subsisted on unemployment benefits. [16] [17] In the meantime, he spent his time experimenting with designs, working closely with housemate Ungless, who was focused on prints. [18] [19] Eventually McQueen ended up with enough pieces to call a collection, decided to launch a small design label, and found himself in need of a name for his nascent company. [19]

McQueen chose to design under his middle name, rather than his given name of Lee, resulting in the brand name Alexander McQueen. Blow was fond of taking credit for this decision, saying that Alexander was a more aristocratic-sounding name than Lee. McQueen claimed it was his idea to use a different name so that the unemployment benefits he was claiming as Lee McQueen would not get cut off. [17] [20] For the clothing tag, he re-used a concept from Jack the Ripper: clear plastic squares with locks of his own hair inside. This referenced the practice of Victorian-era prostitutes selling locks of hair as well as the general practice of people keeping a lock of hair as a memento or trophy. [17]

Collection

A bumster-cut skirt from Highland Rape (Autumn/Winter 1995), demonstrating the extremely low cut which exposes the intergluteal cleft Bumster skirt highland rape.jpg
A bumster-cut skirt from Highland Rape (Autumn/Winter 1995), demonstrating the extremely low cut which exposes the intergluteal cleft

Taxi Driver comprised some 26 pieces: 13 brand-new designs, in addition to concepts reworked from Jack the Ripper and other miscellaneous items. [21] Many designs featured the sharp tailoring that became a McQueen signature. [22] The clothes in the collection were made with unconventional techniques and materials, partially because McQueen and Ungless could rarely afford to buy decent fabric. [18] McQueen used liquid latex to finish the edges of some garments rather than sewing a hem. He made a tank top of two layers of a clear plastic shower curtain, with partridge feathers wedged inside. Another garment had feathers lined up vertically around the collar, obscuring the face. [23] [24] The feathers were supplied by Ungless, whose father was a gamekeeper. [25] Ungless created a series of prints for the collection from photos of missing and murdered people, rendered in black and white on cheap cotton; this became a skater skirt and a top. He printed an image of Robert De Niro as Travis Bickle from the 1976 film Taxi Driver on grey taffeta, from which McQueen made a tailored jacket or vest. [lower-alpha 1] [23] [24]

The most significant concept in the collection is the bumster trouser, a brand-new design whose extremely low waist exposed the top of the intergluteal cleft. [23] Creating a completely new silhouette is a rarity in fashion, and a significant achievement. [23] McQueen later described the bumsters as an effort to demonstrate how the cut of a garment could radically change the appearance of the body. [26] The other individual item of note was called the "Scarlet Pimpernel coat", priced at £800. This was a grey coatdress with a jewelled collar and a cut right down the back that showed the wearer's whole spine. [23] [27] The collar alone took two weeks of work. [28]

The collection's title references both the film Taxi Driver and McQueen's taxicab driver father, although he only admitted to the latter much later. [23] [29] [30] Andrew Groves, a fellow designer and early boyfriend of McQueen's, believed it was named to honour McQueen's father. [20] Ungless dismissed this idea, recalling that the collection was named after the film, because he and McQueen thought "De Niro looked incredibly fuckable" as Travis Bickle. [23]

Sales efforts and exhibition

A collection designed solely around the female form and, by the use of proportion, accentuating parts of the woman's anatomy to create a new shape.

Hi-tech fabrics coincide with hi-tech visuals and combine with classics of bygone years such as fifties parallels, cut just above the ankle, and Korean line frock coats with Chesterfield collars, beaded with the scarlet pimpernel.

No restriction pure contortion.

Alexander McQueen Taxi Driver overview [31]

Blow had connections with fashion retailers, and she took him to various buyers hoping to secure orders. [17] Joan Burstein, co-owner of Browns, a London boutique, recalled that the pieces were brought to her in a bin bag. She turned the clothing down, but told Blow that McQueen had talent worth working on. [17] McQueen's friends Cressida Pye and Alice Smith, who had known him since 1992, had opened a fashion recruitment agency — essentially a matchmaking service that attempted to match designers with jobs at existing fashion houses. In an effort to promote McQueen's work to buyers, they held showings of Taxi Driver at their agency in Covent Garden in late February 1993. [lower-alpha 2] [21] [31] [33]

Because of the slumping economy, few designers presented runway shows during London Fashion Week in early March 1993. The British Fashion Council provided funding for new designers to exhibit their collections at the Ritz Hotel in London in lieu of fashion shows, and McQueen was one of six successful applicants. [34] [35] Journalist Dana Thomas described the exhibition as "a bit of a ramshackle circus". [17] McQueen had no money for staging, so the clothing was simply hung on whatever hangers he could find. [36] [37] He neglected his own appearance, meeting buyers and journalists in clothes that were torn or paint-splattered, and was often defensive when people made comments about the unusual designs. [37] Once again, Blow took charge of promotion, corralling exhibition visitors into seeing McQueen's display. [36] [37]

Alice Smith wore a feather-collared bustier from the collection for a photo shoot with The Daily Telegraph in early March. [38] On the taxi ride home, it shed feathers everywhere. Neither Smith nor McQueen wanted to deal with it, so she left it behind in the cab. [39]

On the day the exhibition ended, McQueen and Ungless packed the garments up into bin bags. They went clubbing at King's Cross nightclub Man Stink to celebrate. Reluctant to pay the cloakroom fees, they hid the bags among the rubbish behind one the club, started drinking, and promptly forgot about them. By the time McQueen returned the next morning, rubbish collectors had removed everything. [32] [40] [41] Nothing remains of the collection. [41]

Reception and legacy

Most fashion designers strive their entire career to come up with something "new" and never achieve it. McQueen did it in his first collection out of school.

Dana Thomas, Gods and Kings [23]

Lucinda Alford at The Observer wrote that the collection demonstrated McQueen's pattern-cutting skills with "some of the most interesting cuts around", and said that some of the garments, including the Scarlet Pimpernel coat, "could be works of art in their own right". [42] She noted the combination of historicist references and futuristic concepts; McQueen relied on both throughout his career. [42] [43] [44] Nilgin Yusuf at The Sunday Times said "McQueen is one of a new breed of British designers strong on craftsmanship and with a developing business sense who herald a renaissance in the much maligned British fashion industry." [28] Iain R. Webb of The Times agreed, listing McQueen as one of a number of new designers whose "designs are unequivocably of today; their names should be world famous tomorrow". [45]

Writing in 2009, fashion journalist Sarah Mower recalls the Taxi Driver collection as the moment British fashion started to recover from a slump that began with the Black Monday stock market crash of 1987. [46] Curator Andrew Bolton remembered the bumster as "one of the garments that, very early on, would make his reputation as this provocateur". [47] Journalist Susannah Frankel agreed; in a 2015 essay about McQueen's early years, she wrote that the collection "showcased many of the signature traits with which McQueen would make his name". [13] Academic Chris McWade argued that Taxi Driver had been integrated into the mythology that surrounded McQueen: the complete loss of such an early collection "adds to the spectral quality and sense of loss that overarches his identity as a public figure". [48]

When the Metropolitan Museum of Art began arranging the retrospective Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty , they contacted Smith in the hope that she still owned the feathered bustier from the Telegraph shoot. [39] Although nothing remains of the clothing, a collection overview and a price list from the archive of early McQueen employee Ruti Danan were auctioned in 2020. [49] The overview sold for $250, while the price list sold for $2,505. [31] [50]

Notes

  1. ↑ Thomas is American and refers to it as a "long vest". Wilson is British and refers to it as a jacket. [23] [24]
  2. ↑ Bethune incorrectly reports that the collection was shown first at the Ritz and subsequently at Smith & Pye. The collection summary indicates that the Smith & Pye showings were in late February, and London Fashion Week was in early March. Furthermore, the collection is known to have been lost following the Ritz exhibit. [21] [31] [32]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander McQueen</span> British fashion designer (1969–2010)

Lee Alexander McQueen was a British fashion designer and couturier. He founded his own Alexander McQueen label in 1992, and was chief designer at Givenchy from 1996 to 2001. His achievements in fashion earned him four British Designer of the Year awards, as well as the Council of Fashion Designers of America International Designer of the Year award in 2003. McQueen died by suicide in 2010 at the age of 40, at his home in Mayfair, London, shortly after the death of his mother.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Low-rise (fashion)</span> Clothing which sits low on or below the hips

Low-rise is a style of clothing designed to sit low on, or below, the hips. The style can also be called lowcut, hipster, or hip-hugger, and can apply to garments worn by males or females. The term can be applied to all garments that cover the wearer's crotch area, including trousers, jeans, shorts, skirts, panties, briefs, bikinis, pantyhose, and tights.

Dante is the eighth collection launched by the British fashion designer Alexander McQueen. The concept for this collection was mainly inspired by the 14th century Florentine poet, writer and philosopher Dante Alighieri and his famous work Divine Comedy. The show was set in the Christ Church in Spitalfields on 1 March 1996. Some of the garments featured prints of Don McCullin’s photographs taken during the Vietnam War (1955-1975) and crucifix masks inspired in the photographer and a continuous referent in McQueen’s work, Joel-Peter Witkin’s self-portraits; the looks for this show also included Philip Treacy headpieces. The show was dedicated to McQueen’s long-time friend and muse, Isabella Blow; it constituted a commentary on religion and war.

<i>The Widows of Culloden</i> Fashion collection by Alexander McQueen

The Widows of Culloden is the twenty-eighth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen, made for the Autumn/Winter 2006 season of his eponymous fashion house. It was inspired by his Scottish ancestry and is regarded as one of his most autobiographical collections. It is named for the women widowed by the Battle of Culloden (1746), often seen as a major conflict between Scotland and England. Widows makes extensive use of the McQueen family tartan and traditional gamekeeper's tweeds, as well as other elements taken from Highland dress. Historical elements reflected the fashion of the late Victorian era and the 1950s.

<i>The Dance of the Twisted Bull</i> 2002 fashion collection by Alexander McQueen

The Dance of the Twisted Bull is the nineteenth collection by British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. Twisted Bull was inspired by Spanish culture and art, especially the traditional clothing worn for flamenco dancing and bullfighting. In McQueen's typical fashion, the collection included sharp tailoring and historicist elements and emphasised femininity and sexuality.

<i>The Birds</i> (Alexander McQueen collection) Fashion collection

The Birds is the fifth collection by British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. The Birds was inspired by ornithology, the study of birds, and the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock film The Birds, after which it was named. Typically for McQueen in the early stages of his career, the collection centred on sharply tailored garments and emphasised female sexuality. McQueen had no financial backing, so the collection was created on a minimal budget.

<i>Neptune</i> (Alexander McQueen collection) Fashion collection by Alexander McQueen

Neptune is the twenty-seventh collection by British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. It took inspiration from classical Greek clothing, 1980s fashion, and the work of artists influential in that decade. The runway show was staged during Paris Fashion Week on 7 October 2005 at the industrial warehouse of the Imprimerie Nationale. Two main phases were presented, with 56 looks total: the first phase comprised monochrome black clothing, while the second featured a white, green, and gold palette. The collection's clothing and runway show both lacked McQueen's signature theatricality, and critical reception at launch and in retrospect was negative. Items from Neptune appeared in the 2022 exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse.

<i>Irere</i> (Alexander McQueen collection) 2003 fashion collection by Alexander McQueen

Irere was the twenty-first collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. Irere was inspired by imagery from the Age of Discovery and from the people and animals of the Amazon rainforest. Its title is claimed to mean 'transformation' in an unspecified Indigenous Amazonian language. The collection comprised three distinct concepts presented as a narrative sequence: shipwrecked pirates, menacing conquistadors, and tropical birds. McQueen described the collection as an effort to present a more mature point of view and surprise viewers with bold colours.

<i>Eye</i> (Alexander McQueen collection) 2000 British fashion collection

Eye was the fifteenth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. It was inspired by the culture of the Middle East, particularly Islamic clothing, as well as the oppression of women in Islamic culture and their resistance to it. The collection crossed traditional Middle Eastern garments with elements drawn from Western fashion such as sportswear and fetishwear. Jeweller and frequent McQueen collaborator Shaun Leane provided the collection's best-known design: a yashmak made from chainmail.

<i>Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims</i> 1992 Alexander McQueen fashion collection

Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims is the first collection by British designer Alexander McQueen, produced as the thesis collection for his master's degree in fashion at Central Saint Martins (CSM) art school. The collection's narrative was inspired by the victims of 19th-century London serial killer Jack the Ripper, with aesthetic inspiration from the fashion, erotica, and prostitution practices of the Victorian era. The collection was presented on the runway at London Fashion Week on 16 March 1992, as the second-to-last of the CSM graduate collections. Editor Isabella Blow was fascinated by the runway show and insisted on purchasing the entire collection, later becoming McQueen's friend and muse.

<i>The Hunger</i> (Alexander McQueen collection) 1996 fashion collection by Alexander McQueen

The Hunger is the seventh collection by British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. The collection was primarily inspired by The Hunger, a 1983 erotic horror film about vampires. McQueen had limited financial backing, so the collection was created on a minimal budget. Typically for McQueen in the early stages of his career, the collection centred around sharply tailored garments and emphasised female sexuality. It was his first collection to include menswear.

<i>Highland Rape</i> Fashion collection by Alexander McQueen

Highland Rape is the sixth collection by British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. Like many of McQueen's early collections, this collection featured untraditional women's tailoring heightening the models' figures and sexuality. Although very poorly received critically and publicly, the Highland Rape is one of McQueen's most famous shows that solidified his name in the fashion world. The runway show was presented on 13 March 1995 during London Fashion Week as his 1995 Autumn/Winter collection. The collection was dark and nationalistic, most notably epitomising the McQueen house's use of Scottish tartan and the bumster trouser, designed to show as much of the torso as possible without showing all of the crotch or bum.

<i>The Overlook</i> (Alexander McQueen collection) 1999 British fashion collection

The Overlook was the fourteenth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. It was inspired by the Stanley Kubrick horror film The Shining (1980) and named for the fictional Overlook Hotel where much of the film takes place. The collection focused on winter clothing in light and neutral colours, including chunky knitwear, fur and shearling coats, and parkas inspired by Inuit clothing. Showpiece items included a bustier made from rock crystal and a corset made from coils of aluminium, the latter provided by jeweller and frequent McQueen collaborator Shaun Leane.

<i>Pantheon ad Lucem</i> 2004 British fashion collection

Pantheon ad Lucem is the twenty-fourth collection by British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. Inspired by ideas of rebirth, ancient Greek garments and science fiction films including 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and Star Wars (1977), the collection focused on sleek draped, wrapped, or tied jersey designs in light and neutral colours, with some evening wear in darker colours. Contrasting the slimline items were heavier garments including tweed suits and fur coats. McQueen expressed his fascination with altering the silhouette, emphasising the hips to a degree that was uncommon for him.

<i>The Girl Who Lived in the Tree</i> Fashion collection by Alexander McQueen

The Girl Who Lived in the Tree is the thirty-second collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen, made for the Autumn/Winter 2008 season of his eponymous fashion house. The primary inspirations were British culture and national symbols, particularly the British monarchy, as well as the clothing of India during the British Raj. The collection was presented through the narrative of a fairy tale about a feral girl who lived in a tree before falling in love with a prince and descending to become a princess.

<i>Joan</i> (Alexander McQueen collection) 1998 British fashion collection

Joan was the twelfth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. Continuing McQueen's dual fascination with religion and violence, it was inspired by imagery of persecution, most significantly the 1431 martyrdom of French Catholic saint Joan of Arc, who was burned at the stake. The collection's palette was mainly red, black, and silver; colours which evoked notions of warfare, death, blood, and flames. Many looks referenced ecclesiastical garments and medieval armour, including several items that mimicked chainmail and one ensemble that had actual silver-plated armour pieces.

<i>Nihilism</i> (Alexander McQueen collection) 1994 fashion collection

Nihilism is the third collection by the British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. McQueen developed the collection following the launch of his own label with Taxi Driver, which was exhibited in March 1993 at the Ritz Hotel in London in lieu of a fashion show. An eclectic collection with no straightforward theme, Nihilism pushed back against dominant womenswear trends with its hard tailoring, and aggressive, sexualised styling. It was created in collaboration with McQueen's associates Simon Ungless and Fleet Bigwood. Like Taxi Driver, Nihilism included experimental techniques, silhouettes, and materials, such as dresses made from cellophane, stained with clay, or adorned with dead locusts.

<i>Voss</i> (Alexander McQueen collection) 2001 fashion collection

Voss is the seventeenth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen, made for the Spring/Summer 2001 season of his eponymous fashion house. The collection drew on imagery of madness and the natural world to explore ideas of bodily perfection, interrogating who and what was beautiful. Like many of McQueen's collections, Voss also served as a critique of the fashion industry, which McQueen was often ambivalent about. Voss featured a large number of showpiece designs, including dresses made with razor clam shells, an antique Japanese screen, taxidermied hawks, and microscope slides. The collection's palette mainly comprised muted tones; common design flourishes included faux-"Oriental" flourishes, surrealist elements, and ruffles.

<i>What a Merry-Go-Round</i> 2001 fashion collection

What a Merry-Go-Round is the eighteenth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen, made for the Autumn/Winter 2001 season of his eponymous fashion house. The collection drew on imagery of clowns and carnivals, inspired by McQueen's feelings about childhood and his experiences in the fashion industry. The palette was largely dark, complemented with neutrals and muted greens. Like his previous show Voss, Merry-Go-Round served as a critique of the fashion industry, which McQueen was often ambivalent about. It contained elements that several authors have taken as references to French luxury goods conglomerate LVMH and its management, with whom McQueen had a turbulent relationship.

References

  1. ↑ "Alexander McQueen – an introduction". Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  2. ↑ Mora, Juliana Luna; Berry, Jess (2 September 2022). "Creative Direction Succession in Luxury Fashion: The Illusion of Immortality at Chanel and Alexander McQueen". Luxury. 9 (2–3): 126, 128, 132. doi: 10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039 . ISSN   2051-1817.
  3. ↑ Frankel 2011, pp. 13–14.
  4. ↑ "Alexander McQueen – an introduction". Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  5. ↑ Mora, Juliana Luna; Berry, Jess (2 September 2022). "Creative Direction Succession in Luxury Fashion: The Illusion of Immortality at Chanel and Alexander McQueen". Luxury. 9 (2–3): 126, 128, 132. doi: 10.1080/20511817.2022.2194039 . ISSN   2051-1817.
  6. ↑ Thomas 2015, p. 64.
  7. ↑ Doig, Stephen (30 January 2023). "How Alexander McQueen changed the world of fashion – by the people who knew him best". The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 30 January 2023.
  8. ↑ Carwell, Nick (26 May 2016). "Savile Row's best tailors: Alexander McQueen". GQ . Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  9. ↑ Vaidyanathan, Rajini (12 February 2010). "Six ways Alexander McQueen changed fashion". BBC Magazine . Archived from the original on 22 February 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  10. ↑ Wilson 2015, p. 70.
  11. ↑ Callahan 2014, pp. 24–25, 27.
  12. ↑ Callahan 2014, p. 103.
  13. 1 2 Frankel 2015, p. 69.
  14. ↑ Blow, Detmar (14 February 2010). "Alex McQueen and Isabella Blow". The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  15. ↑ Thomas 2015, pp. 105–106, 109.
  16. ↑ Watt 2012, p. 53.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thomas 2015, p. 107.
  18. 1 2 Frankel 2015, p. 73.
  19. 1 2 Thomas 2015, pp. 105–106.
  20. 1 2 Watt 2012, p. 56.
  21. 1 2 3 Bethune 2015, p. 304.
  22. ↑ Frankel 2011, p. 20.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thomas 2015, p. 106.
  24. 1 2 3 Wilson 2015, p. 100.
  25. ↑ Watt 2012, p. 58.
  26. ↑ Horyn, Cathy (3 February 2023). "The Woman Who Became McQueen". The Cut . Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  27. ↑ Alexander, Hilary (27 June 1993). "Spinal zap". The Sunday Telegraph . p. 16. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  28. 1 2 Yusuf, Nilgin (7 March 1993). "Shaping Up; London Fashion Week". The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  29. ↑ Callahan 2014, p. 48.
  30. ↑ Anderson, Kristin (21 April 2016). "What Fashion Owes Scorsese's Taxi Driver". Vogue . Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  31. 1 2 3 4 "Alexander McQueen: 'Taxi Driver' Overview". RR Auction . Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  32. 1 2 Thomas 2015, pp. 108–109.
  33. ↑ Wilson 2015, p. 98.
  34. ↑ Gleason 2012, p. 10.
  35. ↑ Thomas 2015, pp. 107–108.
  36. 1 2 Wilson 2015, p. 102.
  37. 1 2 3 Thomas 2015, p. 108.
  38. ↑ Alexander, Hilary (8 March 1993). "With a little help from my friends". The Sunday Telegraph . Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  39. 1 2 Wilson 2015, p. 103.
  40. ↑ Wilson 2015, pp. 102–103.
  41. 1 2 Watt 2012, p. 59.
  42. 1 2 Alford, Lucinda (21 March 1993). "The Real McQueen". The Observer . Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  43. ↑ "Alexander McQueen – an introduction". Victoria and Albert Museum . Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  44. ↑ Quinn 2002, p. 2.
  45. ↑ Webb, Iain R. (8 March 1993). "Something to show for themselves". The Times . p. 12. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  46. ↑ Mower, Sarah (29 August 2009). "Catwalk capital". The Observer . ISSN   0029-7712. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  47. ↑ Bradley, Laura (14 November 2013). "The Alexander McQueen Bumster". Another Magazine . Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  48. ↑ McWade, Chris (January 2021). "From Rat to Wraith: Spectral Transgression Against Masculine Tropes in Alexander McQueen's Eclect Dissect (A/W for Givenchy 1997–1998)". Fashion Theory . 25 (1): 77. doi:10.1080/1362704X.2019.1598203. ISSN   1362-704X. S2CID   194663301. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023– via Taylor & Francis.
  49. ↑ Heron-Langton, Jessica (20 February 2020). "Over £1m of rare McQueen pieces are going on sale". Dazed . Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  50. ↑ "Alexander McQueen: Taxi Driver Price List AW 1992". RR Auction . Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.