| Tenthredo scrophulariae | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Symphyta |
| Family: | Tenthredinidae |
| Genus: | Tenthredo |
| Species: | T. scrophulariae |
| Binomial name | |
| Tenthredo scrophulariae Linnaeus, 1758 | |
| Synonyms | |
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Tenthredo scrophulariae, the figwort sawfly, is a species of the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Tenthredininae.
This species is widespread across Europe, [1] Turkey and Transcaucasia, [2] [3] in meadows wherever figwort grows. [4]
Tenthredo scrophulariae can reach a body length of approximately 11–15 millimetres (0.43–0.59 in). [4] It is easily recognisable by its wasp-like appearance although lacking the thin 'waist' of a true wasp. The head is black and quite short, with prominent, rectangular back corners. The flagellum of the antennae is not narrowed on the tip, it is quite short (less than twice as long as the head width) compared to many related species. It is orange colored, while in most similar species of the genus it is black. The thorax is predominantly black, only the pronotum and scutellum are yellow. The abdomen is black, with transverse bands of yellow. [5]
The leading edge of the forewings, including the veins, is intense orange-red colored, while the remaining wing-membrane is transparent pale yellowish, gray tinted towards the tip. The front legs are almost completely yellow, but the upper sides of the femurs are black. The middle and the rear legs are orange, but the femurs of the rear legs completely black. In the middle leg pair, the femurs may be completely black or with only black rear sides.
The larvae are relatively large, with a length of 30 millimetres (1.2 in) and possessing 22 legs. [6] [7] They have a white body with black spots, and feed on mullein and figworts. [7] [8]
The larvae feed from August to September. [9] They hibernate on October. The adults are on the wing from May [9] to August of the following year. These sawflies are quite placid and allow close observation. They fly in a lazy style with their long yellow legs hanging down. The adults feed on small insects and can be often found on umbellifers ( Heracleum sphondylium ), [4] feeding on nectar and pollen. The larvae [10] feed primarily on leaves of figwort ( Scrophularia ). [11] [12]
They also occur on Buddleja and on black mullein ( Verbascum nigrum ), where they feed only on the less hairy, older leaves. [13]
The larvae are parasitized by various parasitoid species of Ichneumonidae ( Mesoleptidea prosoleuca and Euceros serricornis ). [4] [13]
Sawflies are the insects of the suborder Symphyta within the order Hymenoptera, alongside ants, bees, and wasps. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. The name is associated especially with the Tenthredinoidea, by far the largest superfamily in the suborder, with about 7,000 known species; in the entire suborder, there are 8,000 described species in more than 800 genera. Symphyta is paraphyletic, consisting of several basal groups within the order Hymenoptera, each one rooted inside the previous group, ending with the Apocrita which are not sawflies.
Xiphydriidae are a family of wood wasps that includes around 150 species. They are located all over the world including North and South America, Australia, Europe, and others. Xiphydriidae larvae are wood borers in dead trees or branches of a range of trees. They are characterized as having long and skinny necks with dome-shaped heads. The oldest fossils of the group are from the mid Cretaceous.
The Orussidae or the parasitic wood wasps represent a small family of sawflies ("Symphyta"). Currently, about 93 extant and four fossil species are known. They take a key position in phylogenetic analyses of Hymenoptera, because they form the sister taxon of the megadiverse apocritan wasps, and the common ancestor of Orussidae + Apocrita evolved parasitism for the first time in course of the evolution of the Hymenoptera. They are also the only sawflies with carnivorous larvae.
Tenthredinidae is the largest family of sawflies, with well over 7,500 species worldwide, divided into 430 genera. Larvae are herbivores and typically feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs, with occasional exceptions that are leaf miners, stem borers, or gall makers. The larvae of externally feeding species resemble small caterpillars. As with all hymenopterans, common sawflies undergo complete metamorphosis.
Macrophya montana is a sawfly.
Allantinae is a subfamily of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, and the largest subfamily of that family, with about 110 genera. The subfamily is considered to consist of five to six tribes, and are medium to large sawflies.
Tenthredo zonula, a common sawfly, is a species belonging to the family Tenthredinidae subfamily Tenthrediniinae. It is mainly present in France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Romania, Russia and Greece.
Tenthredo notha, a common sawfly, is a species belonging to the family Tenthredinidae subfamily Tenthrediniinae.
Tenthredo livida is a sawfly species belonging to the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Tenthredininae.
Tenthredo temula is a sawfly species of the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Tenthredininae.
Tenthredo mesomela is a sawfly species of the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Tenthredininae.
Tenthredo olivacea is a sawfly species belonging to the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Tenthredininae.
Craesus septentrionalis, the flat-legged tenthred or birch sawfly, is a species of insect in the order Hymenoptera, the suborder Symphyta and the family Tenthredinidae. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The adult sawflies are black and brown with transparent wings and the larvae are yellowish-green and resemble caterpillars. The larvae feed on the leaves of various species of deciduous tree.
Tenthredo colon is a sawfly species belonging to the family Tenthredinidae.
Monostegia is a genus of sawfly. The authority is based on the description by Achille Costa and Oronzio Costa, although earlier work grants this to Fabricius 1798., though the most common species, M. abdominalis, bears the authority of Fabricius.
Tenthredo vespa is a sawfly species belonging to the family Tenthredinidae.
Tenthredo moniliata is a sawfly species belonging to the family Tenthredinidae.
Tenthredo amoena is a sawfly species belonging to the family Tenthredinidae.
Nesoselandria morio is a species of sawflies belonging to the family Tenthredinidae subfamily Tenthrediniinae. It is the only species of the genus Nesoselandria.
