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A national human rights institution (NHRI) is an independent state-based institution with the responsibility to broadly protect and promote human rights in a given country. The growth of such bodies has been encouraged by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR),which has provided advisory and support services,and facilitated access for NHRIs to the United Nations (UN) treaty bodies and other committees. There are over one hundred such institutions,about two-thirds assessed by peer review as compliant with the United Nations standards set out in the Paris Principles. Compliance with the Principles is the basis for accreditation at the UN,which,uniquely for NHRIs,is not conducted directly by a UN body but by a sub-committee of the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) called the Sub-Committee on Accreditation. The secretariat to the review process is provided by the National Institutions and Regional Mechanisms Section of the OHCHR.
Justice is a human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom. It is the British section of the International Commission of Jurists,the international human rights organisation of lawyers devoted to the legal protection of human rights worldwide. Members of Justice are predominantly barristers and solicitors,judges,legal academics,and law students.
Boaventura de Sousa Santos is a sociologist,Professor emeritus at the Department of Sociology of the School of Economics of the University of Coimbra (FEUC),Distinguished Legal Scholar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School,and Director Emeritus of the Centre for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra. An outspoken sympathizer and avowed supporter of the Bloco de Esquerda party,he is regarded as one of the most prominent Portuguese living left-wing intellectuals.
Transgender rights in Brazil include the right to change one's legal name and sex without the need of surgery or professional evaluation,and the right to sex reassignment surgery provided by Brazil's public health service,the Sistema Único de Saúde.
The Ministry of Justice is one of the 12 ministries which comprise the Finnish Government. Headed by the Minister of Justice,it is responsible for maintaining the legal safeguards necessary for the successful operation of democracy and fundamental rights of the inhabitants of Finland.
A children's ombudsman,children's commissioner,youth commissioner,child advocate,children's commission,youth ombudsman or equivalent body is a public authority in various countries charged with the protection and promotion of the rights of children and young people,either in society at large,or in specific categories such as children in contact with the care system. The agencies usually have a substantial degree of independence from the executive,the term is often used differently from the original meaning of ombudsman,it is often an umbrella term,often used as a translation convention or national human rights institutions,dealing with individual complaints,intervening with other public authorities,conducting research,and –where their mandate permits them to engage in advocacy –generally promoting children's rights in public policy,law and practice. The first children's commissioner was established in Norway in 1981. The creation of such institutions has been promoted by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child,and,from 1990 onwards,by the Council of Europe.
Women in Portugal received full legal equality with Portuguese men as mandated by Portugal's constitution of 1976,which in turn resulted from the Revolution of 1974. Women were allowed to vote for the first time in Portugal in 1931 under Salazar's Estado Novo,but not on equal terms with men. The right for women to vote was later broadened twice under the Estado Novo. The first time was in 1946 and the second time in 1968 under Marcelo Caetano,law 2137 proclaimed the equality of men and women for electoral purposes. By the early part of the 1990s,many women of Portugal became professionals,including being medical doctors and lawyers,a leap from many being merely office employees and factory workers.
Róbert Ragnar Spanó is an Icelandic-Italian jurist,judge,and former president of the European Court of Human Rights. He has been a partner at the multinational law firm of Gibson,Dunn &Crutcher since the end of this tenure as president of the court in October 2022. He started his tenure as president of the court on 18 May 2020,succeeding Judge Sicilianos from Greece. Before beginning his service on the court on 1 November 2013,he served provisionally as parliamentary ombudsman of Iceland and dean of the Faculty of Law,University of Iceland. Spano's mandate as a judge and president of the court ended on 31 October 2022 when he was succeeded by Judge Siofra O'Leary.
The Estonian Chancellor of Justice(Estonian:Õiguskantsler) is an independent supervisor of the basic principles of the Constitution of Estonia and the protector of individual rights. The institution seeks to ensure that authorities fulfil the obligations deriving from the principles of the rule of law and protection of human and social rights,human dignity,freedom,equality and democracy. The Chancellor of Justice is appointed to office by the Riigikogu on the proposal of the President.
The Office of the Provedor for Human Rights and Justice,or Provedoria dos Direitos Humanos e Justiça (PDHJ),is the National Human Rights Institution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. It was established under Section 27 of the Constitution of Timor-Leste in May 2002 and first opened its doors in 2006. The PDHJ has a dual mandate covering human rights and good governance.
Maria da Graça Martins da Silva Carvalho is a Portuguese professor,engineer,and politician of the Social Democratic Party who has been serving as Minister of Environment and Energy in the government of Prime Minister Luís Montenegro since 2024.
Catarina de Albuquerque is a Portuguese lawyer and human rights activist who served as the first United Nations special rapporteur on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation (2008–2014). After becoming Executive Chair of Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) in 2015,in September 2018 she was appointed SWA's chief executive officer.
Tamar Chugoshvili is a Georgian politician,who has served as the First Vice-Speaker of the Parliament of Georgia from November 2016 to November 2019. She was the Foreign Secretary and the Member of the Political Council of the Party “Georgian Dream –Democratic Georgia”.
Aurora Teixeira de Castro was vice-president in 1926 and 1927 of the feminist Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas. She was a lawyer and notary and the first female notary in Portugal.
Maria Lúcia Amaral is a Portuguese lawyer,university professor,politician and judge. She was vice-president of the Constitutional Court of Portugal and is Portugal's 10th Ombudsman,being the first woman to hold this post.
Teresa Pizarro Beleza was the first woman to head the Faculty of Law at NOVA University Lisbon,between 2009 and 2018. She is a feminist and an outspoken activist against discrimination against women,as well as an advocate of abortion and euthanasia.
Catarina Teresa Rola Sarmento e Castro is a Portuguese jurist and politician. As a member of the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS),she became a deputy in the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic in the January 2022 Portuguese legislative election,representing Leiria. Between 2019 and 2022 she served as Secretary of State for Human Resources and Former Combatants. A professor in the Faculty of Law at the University of Coimbra,she has also served as a judge in the Constitutional Court. She was appointed Minister of Justice in March 2022,following the 2022 Portuguese legislative election,when the PS won an overall majority,but lost the position after the March 2024 elelction,when the PS was defeated and the Democratic Alliance formed the government.
Teresa Joaquim is a social anthropologist who is the coordinator of the first master's program in women's studies in Portugal. Women's Studies –Gender,Citizenship and Development was launched at the Universidade Aberta in 1995 and Joaquim pressed for it to be expanded to include a PhD platform in 2002. She served as a member of the National Ethics Council for Life Sciences between 1996 and 2001 and as part of the Helsinki Group on Women in Science. She has participated in numerous policy development projects evaluating inclusion and equal opportunity for women for the government of Portugal,as well as the European Union.
Margarida Salema d’Oliveira Martins,better known as Margarida Salema is a former politician,university professor,and Portuguese researcher. She was one of the Members of the European Parliament promoting the initiative of gender-balanced parliament in Portugal during the 1990s. She served as the president of the Entity of Political Accounts and Financing of the Portuguese Constitutional Court from 2009 to 2017.
An ombudsman is a government employee who represents a country's citizens. Most countries offer ombudsman services.
References
- ↑ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (2024-12-17). "Teresa Anjinho eleita nova Provedora de Justiça da União Europeia". Teresa Anjinho eleita nova Provedora de Justiça da União Europeia (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-12-18.
- 1 2 "European Ombudsman". www.ombudsman.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-12-18.