The Groundlings

Last updated
The Groundlings
Groundlings01.jpg
The Groundlings building on Melrose Avenue
Genre Sketch comedy
Improvisation
Date of premiere1974;49 years ago (1974)
Location Los Angeles, California, United States
Official website

The Groundlings is an American improvisational and sketch comedy troupe and school based in Los Angeles. The troupe was formed by Gary Austin in 1974 and uses an improv format influenced by Viola Spolin, whose improvisational theater techniques were taught by Del Close and other members of the Second City, located in Chicago and later St. Louis. [1] They used these techniques to produce sketches and improvised scenes. [2] Its name is taken from Shakespeare's Hamlet , Act III, Scene II: "...to split the ears of the groundlings, who for the most part are capable of nothing but inexplicable dumbshows and noise." [3] In 1975 the troupe purchased and moved into its current location on Melrose Avenue.

Contents

The Groundlings School holds new sessions every six weeks with over 300 students per session, with more than 2,000 students per year going through the program. The competitive program with admission by audition, consists of five levels (Basic, Intermediate, Advanced Improv, Writing Lab, and Advanced Lab). Participants must satisfy instructors' requirements in order to advance.

The program takes years to complete, as 18-month to two-year wait-lists between upper levels are common. Students may be asked to repeat Basic and Intermediate classes multiple times. By the late 2000s, students had only one chance to complete classes in Improv and Writing. Failure to pass either of these classes means a student cannot complete the program, nor be invited into the Sunday Company.

Students may be voted into the Sunday Company, where they may remain for no more than two years. Many move on sooner than that. Many Groundlings performers have found success in movies and television, including several who have become cast members and writers on Saturday Night Live , MADtv , Reno 911! , and the network G4 while also being active on the internet, mainly YouTube. [4]

History

In 1972, Gary Austin (a veteran of San Francisco's "The Committee") assembled a group of performers in Los Angeles to work on their craft. They would improvise, perform monologues, scenes, characters, songs, dances, and classic plays. After about a year, they started doing performances and inviting friends to come and watch. Word got out about the workshop, more people started coming, and soon a core group of performers began to showcase their material at various venues around Hollywood.

In January 1974, Austin announced that he wanted to create a theatre company. There were fifty founding members of the company (membership at that time required payment of $25 to attend workshops). They developed material in the workshops and performed the best pieces in the weekend shows. The new group produced its first show in the 30-seat basement of the Oxford Theatre (now The Met) near the corner of Santa Monica Boulevard and Western Avenue. Esteemed LA Times theatre critic, Sylvie Drake, was in the audience that first weekend, and wrote a rave review. "This could be the start of something big," Drake predicted. [5]

As the buzz about the new company increased, the entertainment industry started taking notice. Comedian Lily Tomlin was a regular in the audience, and she hired several Groundlings to perform on her eponymous The Lily Tomlin Show . Later that year Lorne Michaels, who produced Tomlin's TV special, asked Groundling Laraine Newman to be a cast member for his new late night comedy series Saturday Night Live.

Before long, membership in the company grew to 90. To keep the size of the company down, it required selection by audition. Phil Hartman, then a graphic designer, tried out in the first audition. He was accepted but, due to stiff competition, he had to wait more than a year before starting to perform in shows. With such a large company, workshops seven days a week, and sold-out shows going up three nights a weekend, The Groundlings needed a place to call their own.

The Groundlings School of improvisation officially began in 1978 with 17 students and staff members Gary Austin, Tom Maxwell, Phyllis Katz, Cherie Kerr, Laraine Newman, and Tracy Newman. In the 21st century, it has an annual enrollment of more than 4200 students. The Sunday Company was formed by Suzanne Kent in 1982 to further develop the talent coming through the school.

In 1975 the company acquired what became The Groundlings Theatre at 7307 Melrose Avenue (the building was previously used as an interior decorator's studio, a furniture showroom, a gay bar, and a massage parlor). Through equity and with the use of their own funds, company members set out to modernize the building and convert it into a performance space. They battled through four years of red tape, building codes, and parking restrictions before producing any shows on the stage. During that time The Groundlings performed their revues at a handful of theaters all over town, including The Improv, The Matrix, The Hollywood Canteen, and the White House. Finally in April 1979, the revitalized 99-seat theater opened its doors to audiences.

In November 1979, Gary Austin stepped down from his position as artistic director. Tom Maxwell was elected as his successor, and he served for the next ten years. In 1989, The Groundlings began the enduring tradition of having Groundlings or Groundlings alumni direct each new revue. The Main Company of no more than 30 members, collectively makes artistic, business and creative decisions. In April 2017 The Groundlings paid tribute to passing of their founder, Gary Austin, by gathering at the theatre and laying flowers at his plaque. [6]

Operations

Students must pass an audition to get into the Basic class. If a student passes the audition, their results are valid for one year. If a student does not pass the audition, they are allowed to audition again in four months. Students are allowed to audition a total of three times.

After completing the Advanced Lab level, a student may be voted into the Sunday Company, which performs every Sunday at 7:30pm. During this time, students write, rehearse and perform new material every week. After six months of performing in the Sunday Company, students are either voted to remain in the company for another six months, voted to be dismissed from the school, or voted into the Main Company (aka The Groundlings). No one can stay in the Sunday Company for longer than 24 months nor less than six months.

All members of the Main Company are selected from members of the Sunday Company. All of the Main Company members can remain in the company for as long as they desire. Usually members do not stay for longer than a decade; most of the Groundlings retire sooner from the company. The Main Company (capped at no more than 30 members at any time) collectively acts as the organization's artistic director, democratically making business and creative decisions as a group. [7]

Shows

The Groundlings Revues (now commonly referred to as the Main Shows) were the first shows performed by the company and they established the Groundlings improv, character, and sketch comedy style. In 1981, the revue was given a title, "L.A. 200, Groundlings 3". Since that time every revue has had its own name, and has the word "Groundling" in the title. Initially one or two revues were performed in a year, increasing to three by the 1990s, and four in 2007, in addition to a special holiday show in December. Main Shows are performed every Friday at 8:00 p.m. and every Saturday at 8:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m.

In 1992, Melanie Graham created Cookin With Gas, a weekly short form improv show performed by Groundlings, Groundlings Alumni, Sunday Company members, and special celebrity guests. The show continues to be performed every Thursday night at 8:00 p.m., and is now the longest running improv show in Los Angeles. It was followed in 2001 by the long-form improv Crazy Uncle Joe Show, which runs every Wednesday night at 8:00 p.m.

Creation of The Pee-wee Herman Show

Beginning in 1981, the company added alternative format shows to the theatre's regular line-up. The first one was The Pee-wee Herman Show , created and co-written by Paul Reubens as a showcase for his Pee-wee Herman character, which he created in Groundlings workshops and revues. Pee-wee and his friends (played by and co-written by other Groundlings including Phil Hartman, Lynne Marie Stewart, John Paragon, Edie McClurg, and John Moody) started performing Saturdays at midnight, after the regular revues. Quickly the show became a huge LA hit; it moved to The Roxy Theatre on Sunset Blvd and was filmed for an HBO special. In the following years, Pee-wee became a pop culture icon; films, toys, and a children's television show were created about the character. An updated revival of the original stage show (with many of the Groundlings reprising their roles) had a successful run in Los Angeles' Nokia Theatre and in New York on Broadway at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre on November 11, 2010. [8] [9] The production was filmed for another HBO Special. [10]

Groundlings cast on Saturday Night Live and Mad TV have often adapted their sketches and characters developed at The Groundlings into TV audience favorites. Former members of The Groundlings have further developed such materials into shows and films, such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure , Pee-wee's Playhouse , Elvira, Mistress of the Dark , A Night at the Roxbury , and Romy and Michele's High School Reunion .

In 1998, the Groundlings were given an improv television program on the F/X network called Instant Comedy with The Groundlings. [11] In September 2008, The Groundlings began producing short-form sketch episodes for Crackle. [12]

On September 12, 2011 the Groundlings featured a sketch titled "Resting Bitch Face" (written by Patric Cagle, [13] co-starring Nate Clark, [14] and directed by Mitch Silpa). The sketch was uploaded to YouTube on October 11 [15] and performed repeatedly during fall of the same year.

The film Bridesmaids was written by Groundlings alum Kristen Wiig and Annie Mumolo and featured a cast consisting heavily of members of The Groundlings, including Melissa McCarthy, Maya Rudolph, Wendi McLendon-Covey, and others in supporting roles. The movie was a box office success and nominated for two Academy Awards. In the same year, Groundlings Jim Rash and Nat Faxon won the Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar for The Descendants .

David Blaine Street Magic

In 2006, The Groundlings recorded a skit called David Blaine Street Magic performed in the alleyway behind the theater. After being uploaded to YouTube, [16] it has become one of the most popular videos on the website. [17] As of October 2014, the video has had more than 38 million views and 60,000 comments since October 12, 2006. [18] The skit stars Mitch Silpa parodying David Blaine in both the topics of Blaine's performances and his mannerisms. The skit is written by Michael Naughton and Mikey Day who play the two innocent bystanders in the video.

Members

Current Main Company

Notable Main Company alumni

Notable school and Sunday Company alumni

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Improvisational theatre</span> Theatrical genre featuring unscripted performance

Improvisational theatre, often called improvisation or improv, is the form of theatre, often comedy, in which most or all of what is performed is unplanned or unscripted, created spontaneously by the performers. In its purest form, the dialogue, action, story, and characters are created collaboratively by the players as the improvisation unfolds in present time, without use of an already prepared, written script.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Reubens</span> American actor, writer, film producer, game show host, and comedian

Paul Reubens is an American actor, comedian, writer, producer, and children's entertainer. He is known for his character Pee-wee Herman. Reubens joined the Los Angeles troupe The Groundlings in the 1970s, and started his career as an improvisational comedian and stage actor. In 1982, Reubens began appearing in a show about a character he had been developing for years. The show was called The Pee-wee Herman Show, and ran for five sold-out months; HBO also produced a successful special about it. Pee-wee became an instant cult figure and, for the next decade, Reubens was completely committed to his character, doing all of his public appearances and interviews as Pee-wee. His feature film, Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), directed by Tim Burton, was a financial and critical success, and soon developed into a cult film. Its sequel, Big Top Pee-wee (1988), was less successful. Between 1986 and 1990, Reubens starred as Pee-wee in the CBS Saturday-morning children's program Pee-wee's Playhouse.

The Upright Citizens Brigade (UCB) is an improvisational and sketch comedy group that emerged from Chicago's ImprovOlympic in 1990. The original incarnation of the group consisted of Matt Besser, Amy Poehler, Ian Roberts, Matt Walsh, Adam McKay, Rick Roman, Horatio Sanz and Drew Franklin. Other early members included Neil Flynn, Armando Diaz, Ali Farahnakian and Rich Fulcher.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pee-wee Herman</span> Comic fictional character played by Paul Reubens

Pee-wee Herman is a comic fictional character created and portrayed by American comedian Paul Reubens. He is best known for his films and television series during the 1980s. The childlike Pee-wee Herman character developed as a stage act that quickly led to an HBO special in 1981. As the stage performance gained further popularity, Reubens took the character to motion picture with Pee-wee's Big Adventure in 1985, toning down the adult innuendo for the appeal of children. This paved the way for Pee-wee's Playhouse, an Emmy Award-winning children's series that ran on CBS from 1986 to 1991. Another film, Big Top Pee-wee, was released in 1988, and after a lengthy hiatus, a third film, Pee-wee's Big Holiday, was released by Netflix in 2016.

The Pee-wee Herman Show is a stage show developed by Paul Reubens in 1980. It is the first significant appearance of his comedic fictional character, Pee-wee Herman, five years before Pee-wee's Big Adventure, and six years before Pee-wee's Playhouse. The show debuted as a midnight show in 1981 at the Groundlings theater, and was later moved to the Roxy Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, where the HBO cable network taped one of the shows and aired it as a special that year. This TV special was released on DVD by Image Entertainment in 2006. This nightclub show had more adult humor than the later children's television series.

The Second City is an improvisational comedy enterprise and is the oldest ongoing improvisational theater troupe to be continually based in Chicago, with training programs and live theatres in Toronto and Los Angeles. The Second City Theatre opened on December 16, 1959, and has since become one of the most influential and prolific comedy theatres in the English-speaking world. In February 2021, ZMC, a private equity investment firm based in Manhattan, purchased the Second City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Nature Improv</span>

Second Nature is a long-form improvisational theatre troupe based in Los Angeles at the University of Southern California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre</span> Improvisational comedy venue

The Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre is an American improvisational theatre company and training center founded by the Upright Citizens Brigade troupe members Matt Besser, Amy Poehler, Ian Roberts and Matt Walsh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lynne Marie Stewart</span> American actress (born 1946)

Lynne Marie Stewart is an American actress, best known for her performance as Miss Yvonne, the Most Beautiful Woman in Puppet Land. She originated the role in the 1981 stage show The Pee-wee Herman Show, continuing it on the CBS television show Pee-wee's Playhouse, the 2010 Los Angeles stage revival, and the Broadway production which opened in November 2010 at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harold (improvisation)</span> Improv theatre format

Harold is a structure used in longform improvisational theatre that is performed by improv troupes and teams across the world. In the Harold structure, characters and themes are introduced and then recur in a series of connected scenes. It was first performed in California by The Committee in 1967.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gary Austin</span> American improvisational theatre teacher, writer and director (1941–2017)

Gary Austin was an American improvisational theatre teacher, writer, and director who founded The Groundlings theatre company in 1974.

Leonard Robinson is an American actor, comedian, writer and performer.

Jordan Black is an American comedy writer and actor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theatre Strike Force</span>

Theatre Strike Force is the University of Florida's premier improv and sketch comedy troupe. The group also goes by TSF. The style of improv performed by Theatre Strike Force is a combination long form and short form. They both teach and perform improvisational comedy. They have six house teams which include both forms of improv as well as a sketch team. There are four long form house teams which are cast every semester and usually have six to eight members. The TSF Short Form Team is cast every semester as well and usually has fifteen to nineteen members. TSF Sketch is the final house team and usually has twelve to sixteen members, cast each semester.

The Committee was a San Francisco-based improvisational comedy group founded by Alan Myerson and Jessica Myerson. The Myersons were both alums of The Second City in Chicago. The Committee opened April 10, 1963 at 622 Broadway in a 300-seat Cabaret theater that used to be an indoor bocce ball court in San Francisco's North Beach.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ACME Comedy Theatre</span> Theater in Los Angeles

The ACME Comedy Theatre is an American sketch comedy and improvisational theater located near Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, on La Brea near Wilshire's "Miracle Mile".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charlotte Dean</span>

Charlotte Dean is a writer, illustrator, and visual artist known for writing and co-directing the show Charlotte's Shorts, along with Emmy award writer, director, and producer Tracy Newman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fortune Feimster</span> American comedienne

Emily Fortune Feimster is an American writer, comedian, and actress. Having made her television debut on NBC's Last Comic Standing in 2010, she starred as Colette on The Mindy Project (2015–2017). In July 2019, she began hosting What a Joke with Papa and Fortune with Tom Papa, interviewing comedians and celebrities, the first live programming on the Sirius XM channel Netflix is a Joke. She played Heather in The L Word: Generation Q, a reboot of The L Word.

Cynthia Szigeti was an American comic actress and acting teacher, known for her work at the Groundlings, an improv and sketch comedy troupe and school in Los Angeles, and the ACME Comedy Theatre. Her students included Adam Carolla, Will Forte, Lisa Kudrow, Joel McHale, Conan O'Brien and Julia Sweeney. Her professional acting credits included National Lampoon's European Vacation, as well as roles in Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm.

Cold Tofu, also known as Cold Tofu Improv, is a non-profit organization and Asian American improvisation and comedy group based in Los Angeles.

References

  1. ↑ "GARY AUSTIN WORKSHOPS – NEW YORK CITY". garyaustinworkshops.com.
  2. ↑ Fult, Josh (February 19, 2007). "Gary Austin – Part 1 – 2/19/07". Improv Interviews. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
  3. ↑ "Shakespeare's Audience: The Groundlings". Shakespeare-online.com. 2000-08-20. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  4. 1 2 "Alumni". Groundlings. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  5. ↑ Gary, Austin. "Groundlings History". groundlings. Groundlings. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  6. ↑ Gonzalez, Richard (4 April 2017). "Gary Austin Dies". NPR . Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  7. ↑ "Groundlings School Information Page". Groundlings.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  8. ↑ "The Pee-wee Herman Show Broadway @ Stephen Sondheim Theatre - Tickets and Discounts - Playbill". Playbill.
  9. ↑ Pull Up a "Chairry": The Pee-wee Herman Show Is Heading to Broadway Archived 2012-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ "HBO to Film Broadway's The Pee-wee Herman Show for Subsequent Broadcast - Playbill". Playbill. 21 December 2010.
  11. ↑ TV.com. "Instant Comedy with the Groundlings". TV.com.
  12. ↑ "Crackle Launches New Original Programming". PRNewswire. 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
  13. ↑ "Patric Cagle". The Groundlings. The Groundlings. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Nate Clark". NateClark.net. Nate Clark. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Resting Bitch Face". Patric Cagle. October 11, 2011. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  16. ↑ "david blaine street magic - YouTube". www.youtube.com.
  17. ↑ "Groundlings", LA Times: Entertainment, 22 June 2008. Collected 9 October 2008.
  18. ↑ David Blaine Street Magic at YouTube. Collected 26 April 2011.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Liner notes, 7307 Melrose Ave CD. 1996, rip hummer music (634479552052).
  20. ↑ "Jillian Bell Workaholic". Variety . 24 July 2012.
  21. ↑ "Mary Kay Bergman; Voice Actress in 'South Park'". Los Angeles Times . 21 November 1999.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 DIG THE GROUNDLINGS; L.A.'S PREMIER IMPROV COMEDY TROUPE CELEBRATES 25 YEARS, Los Angeles Daily News, September 24, 1999.
  23. ↑ "Groundlings website, alumni list". 2007-07-31. Archived from the original on July 31, 2007. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  24. ↑ From Takeshi's Castle to MXC: Most Extreme Elimination Challenge!, BBC, August 18, 2004.
  25. 1 2 When Groundlings Attack, Backstage West, February 22, 2001.
  26. 1 2 'Hostage' pushes Alliance's limits, Los Angeles Times, June 27, 2003.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Groundlings going digital, Variety, April 21, 2008.
  28. ↑ kcur.org/show/central-standard/2018-05-25/how-kansas-city-native-heidi-gardner-ended-up-on-saturday-night-live
  29. ↑ The Groundlings: improving improve in L.A. for 40 years., L.A. Times, May 24, 2014.
  30. ↑ Burton, Tim. Burton on Burton. Faber & Faber, 2006, ISBN   0-571-22926-3, p. 47.
  31. ↑ "CBS network website Alex Kapp Horner". CBS . 2008-07-24. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  32. ↑ "John Kilfudd resume". Resumes.actorsaccess.com. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  33. ↑ "History; the 70's". The Groundlings. Archived from the original (Adobe SWF (Flash)) on July 31, 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  34. ↑ Nancy Cartwright Chats with Tress MacNeille, Animation World News, December 18, 2008.
  35. ↑ It's Edie in Here, Back Stage West, October 30, 2003.
  36. ↑ Groundlings prove comedy is all about teamwork, Daily Trojan, July 2, 2008.
  37. ↑ COMIC 'GROUNDLINGS' HAS ROOM FOR IMPROV-MENT, New York Daily News, September 7, 1998.
  38. ↑ Just Shoot Me Official Site Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine , Sony Pictures Television.
  39. ↑ In Praise of Silliness – Los Angeles' own Groundlings are celebrating two decades of, well, just plain silliness. Is this someone's idea of a joke? You bet and it's paid off, Los Angeles Times, September 18, 1994.
  40. ↑ "The Groundlings Theatre on Instagram: "Congratulations to writers/stars Larry Dorf, Rachel Ramras and Hugh Davidson, Producers Melissa McCarthy and Ben Falcone and EP Michael McDonald on the new series NOBODIES on TV LAND! #groundlingsalumni"". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
  41. ↑ Groundlings sputter, singe, Los Angeles Times, December 12, 2003.
  42. ↑ "Glenn Shadix: From Alabama to Hollywood and Back". Legacy.com . 8 September 2010.
  43. ↑ Barnes, Mike (2016-08-19). "Cynthia Szigeti, Groundlings Improv Teacher and 'Seinfeld' Actress, Dies at 66". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016-09-06.
  44. ↑ "Judytoll.com"
  45. ↑ "The Groundlings". The Groundlings Website.
  46. ↑ https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/qampa-kathy-griffin-26129 , Q&A: Kathy Griffin (The Hollywood Reporter).
  47. ↑ Beaver, Jim. Life's That Way, 2009, Putnam/Penguin Books
  48. ↑ "Life's That Way – About Cecily Adams". Lifesthatway.com. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  49. ↑ "The Groundlings". The Groundlings Website.
  50. ↑ Interview with Joey Arias, Bowie LiveChat, March 18, 1999.
  51. ↑ "The Groundlings". The Groundlings Website.
  52. 1 2 3 4 "The Groundlings". The Groundlings Website.
  53. ↑ "The Groundlings and Improv in L.A". Trazzler.com. 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  54. ↑ Eliza Coupe – Ten Comics to Watch, Variety, July 17, 2006.
  55. ↑ Live From New York: Introducing New SNL Star Abby Elliott, People magazine, March 9, 2009.
  56. ↑ Jimmy Fallon's pleasant tomorrow, USA Today, October 7, 2004.
  57. ↑ "bob flanagan, 1952-1996". Hnv.nin.net. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  58. ↑ "Del Mar's Own Taro Gold". The Del Mar Times. Main Street Communications. November 2005. pp. 11–12.
  59. ↑ "Groundlings, The - ProductionHUB". ProductionHUB.com.
  60. ↑ Virtel, Louis (4 March 2010). "Was Kathy Griffin's Censored SVU Scene Payback from an Injured Mariska Hargitay?".
  61. ↑ "Echo Kellum, co-star of FOX's 'Ben and Kate', was in town promoting his show. This is our visit. || Dallas Morning News". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
  62. ↑ Administrator. "Star Trek: Of Gods and Men". startrekofgodsandmen.com.
  63. ↑ "The Official Website of Heather McDonald". heathermcdonald.net.
  64. ↑ "Sunday Company". Groundlings. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  65. ↑ Oscar Nuñez "Accounts" for The Office's Success, TV Guide, May 10, 2007.
  66. ↑ Conan O'Brien Biography , A&E Biography.
  67. ↑ Q&A with Kaitlin Olson, Oregon Daily Emerald, August 20, 2007.
  68. ↑ "A conversation with Joe Ranft". 2719hyperion.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-01. Retrieved 2013-01-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  69. ↑ "My bio - Steve Rannazzisi". Archived from the original on 2012-06-21. Retrieved 2012-06-16.
  70. ↑ "Lou Romano bio". Louromano.com. 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  71. ↑ Brandes, Philip (September 6, 1996). "Sunday Keeps Its Comedy Fresh". Los Angeles Times.
  72. ↑ Famous Michiganders Archived 2006-08-14 at the Wayback Machine , Outdoor Michigan.
  73. ↑ "Building Character From the Ground Up". Articles.latimes.com. 1991-01-11. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  74. ↑ "Dan Schneider - Nancy Sullivan - DanSchneider.com - DanWarp". www.danschneider.com.
  75. ↑ CC Swiney , Ultimate Improv.
  76. ↑ "Michelle Thomas". www.dsrct.com.
  77. ↑ Meyers, Lawrence (June 2, 2010). Inside the TV Writers' Room: Practical Advice for Succeeding in Television. Syracuse University Press. p. 57. ISBN   978-0-8156-3241-2.
  78. ↑ Feimster, Fortune. "Fortune Feimster's Bio". Fortune Feimster.

34°05′01″N118°20′56″W / 34.083694°N 118.349001°W / 34.083694; -118.349001

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.