Timeline of Hanoi

The following is a timeline of the history of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Prehistory

• c. 1000 BCE — The Bronze-Age Dong Son culture of the Lac people occupies the Red River valley

Van Lang

• c. 300 BCE — According to much later sources, the area of present-day Hanoi formed part of the Giao Chỉ region of Van Lang
• c. 258 BCE — The Âu Việt, united under the Shu emigrant Shu Pan ( Thục Phán ), invade and conquer Van Lang

Au Lac

• c. 257 BCE — Co Loa established by Shu Pan in the present city's Đông Anh district to serve as the capital of the unified kingdom of Âu Lạc

Qin Empire

• 214 BCE — The First Emperor begins his campaign against the Baiyue (Bách Việt) people of the south
• 208 BCE — General Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà) defeats Shu Pan and takes Co Loa, incorporating it into his Nanhai Commandery

Nanyue

• 204 BCE — Zhao Tuo declares his realm the independent kingdom of Nanyue (Nam Việt)
• 196 BCE — Lu Jia secures the nominal submission of Nanyue to Han
• 179 BCE — By this point, Nanyue's lands in the Red River valley have been organized as the commandery of Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ)

Han Empire

• 111 BCE — The commander of Jiaozhi submits to Han following Lu Bode's razing of the capital Panyu, remaining in his post and beginning the "First Era of Northern Domination" of Vietnam.
• 208 CE — Longbian (Long Biên) erected in its eponymous district
• 226 — A Roman embassy arrives

Jin dynasty

• 271 CE —Jiao Province Campaign between Eastern Wu and the Jin dynasty
• 399 CE —Longbian came under siege from Champa army led by king Bhadravarman I. He had killed two Chinese governors, Gun Yuan and Cao Ping, while inciting locals to revolt against the Chinese. The siege was relieved later by Chinese reinforcement under the command of Jiaozhou governor Du Yian.

Liu Song Empire

• 454 x 464 — Songping (Tống Bình) established by the Liu Song ^[1] on the south bank of the Red River in Hanoi's Từ Liêm district and Hoài Đức district

Van Xuan

• 544 — Long Biên serves as the capital of Ly Bi's realm of Van Xuan

Tang Empire

• 621 — Long Biên and Songping briefly elevated to prefectural status as Longzhou and Songzhou ^[2]
• 722 — Songping falls to Mai Thúc Loan ^[3]
• late 8th century — Zhang Boyi erects Luocheng ( La Thành , "Enclosing Wall[ed City]") in the present city's Ba Đình district
• early 9th century — Luocheng renamed Jincheng (Kim Thành, "Golden Wall[ed City]")
• 863 —Nanzhao captured Hanoi from the Tang dynasty
• 866 — Gao Pian, the local jiedushi , expands the fortress at Jincheng and renames it Da Luocheng ( Đại La Thành, "Big Enclosing Wall[ed City]")

Dai Viet

• 1010 — Luocheng renamed Thang Long with the erection of its Imperial Citadel ^[4] and dedication as the capital of the Lý dynasty. ^[5]
• Quán Thánh Temple built.
• 1049 — One Pillar Pagoda built.
• 1070 — Temple of Literature built.
• 1076 — Guozijian established.
• 1225 — City becomes capital of the Trần dynasty.
• 1258, 1285 and 1288 — the city had been sacked and burned by Mongol. All previous constructions were destroyed as the city was rebuilt later.
• 15th century — Quán Sứ Pagoda built.
• 1408 — City renamed Dōngguān (Chinese : 東 關 ), "Eastern Gateway"; Đông Quan in Vietnamese) by the Chinese Ming dynasty.
• 1428 — City renamed Đông Kinh (Chinese : 東 京 ), as known by Westerners as Tonkin.
• 1573 — "Foggy Lake" renamed West Lake.
• 1615 — Trấn Quốc Pagoda relocated to West Lake.
• 1656 — Láng Temple renovated.
• 1686 — Hương Temple expanded.
• 1730s — Trúc Lâm Palace built at Trúc Bạch Lake.
• 1802 — Vietnamese capital relocated to Huế. Most royal palaces were destroyed during the previous Tay Son rebellion (1771—1789). ^[5]
• 1812 — Flag Tower built.
• 1831 — City renamed Hà Nội (河 内, "Between Rivers" or "River Interior") by Nguyễn emperor Minh Mạng.
• 19th century — Ngọc Sơn Temple built.

French occupation (19th-20th c.)

• 1873 — November 20: Francis Garnier of France takes citadel. ^[6]
• 1874 — March 15: French concession granted per treaty. ^[7]
• 1882 — French occupation begins. ^[8]
• 1883
  • May 19: Battle of Cầu Giấy (Paper Bridge) fought near city.
  • August 15: Battle of Phủ Hoài fought near city.
• 1884 — L'Avenir du Tonkin French newspaper begins publication. ^[9]
• 1886
  • Kinh Thien Palace built. ^[4]
  • Turtle Tower built in Hoàn Kiếm Lake. ^[10]
• 1887 — Banque de l'Indochine branch opens.
• 1888 — St. Joseph's Cathedral built. ^[11]
• 1889 — City area expanded with land from Tho Xuong and Vinh Thuan districts. ^[12]
• 1890
  • Steamboat begins operating on the Red River. ^[8]
  • Racecourse opens. ^[8]
• 1894 — Lanessan Hospital built for French military.
• 1898
  • Hỏa Lò Prison built.
  • Geological Museum established. ^[13]
• 1900 — French School of the Far East headquartered in Hanoi. ^[14]
• 1902
  • City becomes capital of French Indochina.
  • Hanoi railway station opens.
  • Indochina Medical College founded.
  • Indo China Exposition Française et Internationale (world's fair) held.
  • Population: 150,000. ^[15]
• 1903 — Long Biên Bridge constructed.
• 1906
  • Presidential Palace built.
  • University of Indochina established.
• 1908 — Collège du Protectorat established.
• 1910
  • Phùng Khoang Church built.
  • Museum of archaeology and ethnology organized. ^[13]
• 1911 — Hanoi Opera House built.
• 1917
  • Indochinese Central Archives set up. ^[13]
  • Bach Mai Airfield constructed.
• 1919 — Lycée Albert Sarraut and Bibliothèque Centrale Hanoi established. ^[13]
• 1925 — Ecole des Beaux-arts d'Indochine opens. ^[16]
• 1926 — Musee Louis Finot established. ^[13]
• 1929 — March: Vietnamese Communist Party organized on Ham Long Street. ^[17]
• 1930
  • Provisional Vietnamese Communist Party headquartered on Tho Nhuom Street. ^[17]
  • Đồng tử quân youth scouting group formed.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1932 — Cửa Bắc Church built.
• 1934 — Hàm Long Church built.
• 1936
  • Gia Lam Airfield constructed.
  • Indochina Communist Party headquartered on Phung Hung Street. ^[17]

Japanese occupation

• 1941 — December 7: Japanese occupation begins. ^[17]
• 1942 — Hoan Long District (now Ba Đình district) becomes part of city. ^[12]

French reoccupation

• 1945
  • Japanese occupation ends.
  • September 2: Ho Chi Minh reads the Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Ba Đình Square. ^[18]
  • Vietnam National University and National Library of Vietnam established. ^[13]
  • September 7: Voice of Vietnam begins broadcasting. ^[19]
  • Tran Van Lai becomes mayor.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1946
  • March 2: National Assembly meets in the Great Theatre.
  • December 19: Battle of Hanoi begins. ^[20]
• 1947 — February 17: Battle of Hanoi ends; French in power. ^[20]
• 1951 — October 11: Hanoi National University of Education established. ^[21]

Democratic Republic of Vietnam

• 1954
  • City becomes capital of independent North Vietnam.
  • People's Open Air Theatre active. ^[17]
  • Hanoi Radio begins broadcasting.
• 1955 — College of Foreign Languages founded.
• 1956 — Vietnam School of Music, University of Agriculture and Forestry, and Hanoi University of Science and Technology established.
• 1958
  • September: Vietnam National Museum of History established.
  • Thanh Niên Road constructed between Trúc Bạch Lake and West Lake.
• 1959
  • Vietnam Museum of Revolution, ^[13] Hanoi University of Foreign Studies, and Electricity Water Resources Academy established.
  • Vietnam Military History Museum inaugurated. ^[13]
• 1960
  • Foreign Trade University and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hanoi established.
  • Population: 414,620 city; 643,576 urban agglomeration. ^[22]
• 1961
  • Cultural College of Hanoi established. ^[13]
  • School of Public Administration in operation.
• 1962 — National Archives Center #1 established. ^[13]
• 1965 — Residents begin evacuating city on threat of airstrikes by United States forces. ^[20]
• 1966
  • June 29: Aerial bombing outside city by United States forces. ^[23]
  • Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts inaugurated. ^{[13] [24]}
  • Le Quy Don Technical University established.
• 1967
  • Aerial bombing by U.S.; air battles between U.S. and North Vietnamese forces. ^{[23] [25]}
  • D67 underground command bunker installed at Kinh Thien Palace. ^[4]
• 1968 — Hànội mói newspaper in publication. ^[26]
• 1969 — Hanoi Architectural University and Foreign Language Specialized School established.
• 1970 — September 7: Vietnam Television begins broadcasting. ^{[27] [28]}
• 1972
  • April: Bombing by United States forces. ^[20]
  • December: Aerial bombing by United States forces. ^[25]
• 1974 — Central Secondary School of Archives and Office Skills established. ^[13]
• 1975 — Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum inaugurated.
• 1976 — City becomes capital of Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
• 1978 — Noi Bai International Airport opens.
• 1979 — Population: 879,500. ^[29]
• 1980 — Hanoi Institute of Theatre and Cinema founded. ^[30]
• 1984 — Vietnam National Symphony Orchestra revived.
• 1985
  • Chương Dương Bridge built.
  • Hanoi – Amsterdam High School established.
• 1988 — Vietnam-Russia Tropical Centre headquartered in Hanoi.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1989 — Population: 1,089,760 city; 3,056,146 urban agglomeration. ^[31]
• 1990 — Ho Chi Minh Museum established. ^[32]
• 1992 — Population: 1,073,760. ^[33]
• 1993
  • Vietnam War Memorial erected.
  • Hanoi University of Science in operation.
  • Mai art gallery opens. ^[34]
• 1995
  • Institut de la Francophonie pour l'Informatique founded.
  • Vietnamese Women's Museum dedicated. ^[13]
• 1997
  • Vietnam Museum of Ethnology opens. ^[13]
  • November: Organisation internationale de la Francophonie summit held. ^[17]
• 1998
  • March 24: Turtle sighting in Hoàn Kiếm Lake. ^[35]
  • Hàng Đẫy Stadium opens.^{[ citation needed ]}
  • Hanoi Garden opens. ^[36]
• 1999 — Population: 1,523,936. ^[29]

21st century

• 2000 — November: President of the United States, Bill Clinton, made historic visit to Vietnam. He was the first U.S. leader ever to officially visit Hanoi.

• 2001 — Trang Tien Plaza (shopping center) in business.
• 2002 — National Archives Center #3 opens. ^[13]
• 2003
  • Mỹ Đình National Stadium opens in Từ Liêm District.
  • Green Tangerine restaurant opens in the Old Quarter. ^[37]
  • November: City hosts meeting of Asian Network of Major Cities 21.
• 2005 — Hanoi Securities Trading Center launched.
• 2006
  • Vietnam National Convention Center built in Từ Liêm District.
  • FPT University established.
  • November: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting held.
• 2008
  • Hanoi Capital Region created to include 29 districts; population expands to 6,232,940.
  • Thanh Trì Bridge and Vĩnh Tuy Bridge constructed.
  • Ba Đình Hall demolished.
• 2009 — October–November: 2009 Asian Indoor Games held.
• 2010
  • July: 2010 Asian Junior Athletics Championships held.
  • October: Millennial Anniversary of Hanoi.
  • Hanoi Museum opens.
• 2011 — Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower built.
• 2019 —2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit
• 2023 — September: Hanoi building fire

See also

• Hanoi history
• Districts of Hanoi
• List of Buddhist temples in Hanoi
• List of historical capitals of Vietnam
• Television and mass media in Vietnam

References

1. Loewe (2004), p. 60.
2. Schafer (1967), p. 32.
3. Anh (2000), p. 26.
4. "Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long — Hanoi". World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
5. Logan 2005.
6. Tupp, A. Cotterell (1906). "French Indo-China" . Proceedings of the Central Asian Society. London: Central Asian Society. doi:10.1107/s2053229622002984/dv3017sup1.cif. OL   22098340M . Retrieved 2024-09-15.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
7. d'Orléans 1894.
8. Directory 1892.
9. Drummond 2013.
10. Trí, Dân (2013-03-24). "Gặp hậu duệ dòng họ bị "kết tội" lén táng mộ tổ vào tháp Rùa". Báo điện tử Dân Trí (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-09-15.
11. Gwendolyn Wright (1991), "Indochina", The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN   0226908461, 0226908461
12. Kurfürst 2012.
13. Robert D. Stueart (2010), "Vietnam: Libraries, Archives and Museums", in Marcia J. Bates (ed.), Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, ISBN   9780849397127
14. Catherine Clémentin-Ojha; Pierre-Yves Manguin (2007), A century in Asia: the history of the École française d'Extrême-Orient, 1898-2006, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet
15. "Ketcho", Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1902
16. Taylor 2009.
17. Logan 2000.
18. Muriel E. Chamberlain (2013) [1998]. "Chronology of Decolonisation: the French Empire". Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-317-89744-6.
19. "Historic Milestones". Radio the Voice of Vietnam website. Radio the Voice of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
20. Turley 1975.
21. "Hanoi National University of Education > About > A Brief History". Archived from the original on 2018-03-05. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
22. "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966.
23. Merle L. Pribbenow II (2003). "The -Ology War: Technology and Ideology in the Vietnamese Defense of Hanoi, 1967". Journal of Military History. 67. Society for Military History.
24. "Southeast Asia, 1900 A.D.–present: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 30 December 2015.
25. "Battlefield: Vietnam". USA: U.S Public Broadcasting Service. 1997.
26. "Hanoi (Vietnam) Newspapers". WorldCat. USA: Online Computer Library Center . Retrieved March 12, 2013.
27. "Important milestones". Vietnam Television. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
28. "VTV: Overall". Vietnam Television. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
29. "Vietnam". www.citypopulation.de. Oldenburg, Germany: Thomas Brinkhoff. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
30. Hoang Su (1998), "Vietnam", in Don Rubin (ed.), World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre, London: Routledge
31. United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division (1997). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 262–321.{{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
32. Logan 1995.
33. "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
34. "Awakening of Hanoi". New York Times. February 18, 2007.
35. "Giant turtle sightings set Vietnam capital abuzz". CNN. Hanoi, Vietnam. AP. April 13, 1998. Archived from the original on 2008-10-21.
36. Tran, Hao (2020-12-21). "Hanoi Garden Restaurant: A Second-Generation's Perspective". Vietcetera. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
37. HVGTravel. "Green Tangarine Restaurant Hanoi - French Restaurant Hanoi". Travel Hanoi. Retrieved 2025-02-17.

Bibliography

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• "Hanoi". The Chronicle & Directory for China, Corea, Japan, the Philippines, Indo-China, Straits Settlements, Siam, Borneo, Malay States, &c. Hong Kong: Daily Press. 1892.
• Henri d'Orléans (1894), "(Hanoi)", Around Tonkin and Siam, London: Chapman & Hall, OCLC   9889459
• Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967), The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN   9780520054639 .
• William S. Turley (1975). "Urbanization in War: Hanoi, 1946-1973". Pacific Affairs. 48.
• William S. Logan (1995). "Russians on the Red River: The Soviet Impact on Hanoi's Townscape, 1955-90". Europe-Asia Studies. 47.
• Anh Thư Hà & al.; et al. (2000), A Brief Chronology of Vietnam's History, Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers .
• William Stewart Logan (2000), Hanoi, Biography of a City, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, ISBN   0295980141
• Loewe, Michael (2004), "Guangzhou: the Evidence of the Standard Histories from the Shi ji to the Chen shu, a Preliminary Survey", Guangdong: Archaeology and Early Texts (Zhou–Tang), Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 51–80, ISBN   3-447-05060-8 .
• William S. Logan (2005). "The Cultural Role of Capital Cities: Hanoi and Hue, Vietnam". Pacific Affairs. 78.
• Nora Annesley Taylor (2009), Painters in Hanoi: an Ethnography of Vietnamese Art, National University of Singapore Press, ISBN   9789971694531
• Sandra Kurfürst (2012). Redefining Public Space in Hanoi: Places, Practices and Meaning. Münster: Lit Verlag.
• Lisa Drummond (2013). "Colonial Hanoi: Urban Space in Public Discourse". Harbin to Hanoi: Colonial Built Environment in Asia, 1840 to 1940. Hong Kong University Press.