The Guozijian,[1] sometimes translated as the Imperial College,Imperial Academy,Imperial University,National Academy,or National University,[2] was the highest level academic and educational institution throughout most of imperial China's history. It was created under the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin (r. 265–289) and became the highest level academic institution in China over the next 200 years. After the demise of the Song dynasty (960–1279),it became synonymous with the previous highest level academic institution,the Taixue. The Guozijian was abolished in 1907 during the Qing dynasty.
The Guozijian (Directorate of Education) was founded under Emperor Wu of Jin (r. 265–289) to educate the nobility.[3] After the nine rank system was introduced for grading bureaucrats in the Chinese government,the Guozijian was created for persons rank five and above,effectively making it the educational institution for nobles,while the Taixue was relegated to teaching commoners. The Taixue was subsumed under the Guozijian and taught the Gongsheng (tribute students),the top scorers of the college/academy examination,while the Guozijian educated the nobles. Over the next 200 years,the Guozijian became the primary educational institute in the Southern Dynasties. The Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties also created their own schools but they were only available for sons and relatives of high officials. The Northern Wei dynasty founded the Primary School of Four Gates.[4][5]
Development
During the Sui dynasty,a Law School,Arithmetics School,and Calligraphy School were put under the administration of the Guozijian. These schools accepted the relatives of officials rank eight and below while the Taixue,Guozijian,and Four Gates School served higher ranks. By the start of the Tang dynasty (618–907),300 students were enrolled in the Guozijian,500 at the Taixue,1,300 at the Four Gates School,50 at the Law School,and a mere 30 at the Calligraphy and Arithmetics Schools. Emperor Gaozong of Tang (r. 649–683),founded a second Guozijian in Luoyang. The average age of admission was 14 to 19 but 18 to 25 for the Law School. Students of these institutions who applied for the state examinations had their names transmitted to the Ministry of Rites,which was also responsible for their appointment to a government post.[4]
Under the Song dynasty,the Guozijian became the central administrative institution for all state schools throughout the empire. Among its duties were the maintenance of the buildings,the construction of new facilities,and the promotion of students. The Guozijian itself was equipped with a library and printing shop to create model printing blocks for distribution.[3]
End of the Taixue
In 1104,the prefectural examinations were abolished in favor of the three-colleges system,which required each prefecture to send an annual quota of students to the Taixue. This drew criticism from some officials who claimed that the new system benefited the rich and young,and was less fair because the relatives of officials could enroll without being examined for their skills. In 1121,the local three-college system was abolished but retained at the national level.[6] For a time,the national examination system was also abandoned in favor of directly appointing students of the Taixue to government posts. The Taixue itself did not survive the demise of the Song dynasty and ceased to exist afterwards,becoming a synonym for the Guozijian.[4]
Guozijian were located in the national capital of each Chinese dynasty,such as Chang'an,Luoyang,Kaifeng,and Hangzhou. In early years of the Ming,the Guozijian was in Nanjing. Afterwards,the Ming had two capitals,so there were two Guozijian:one in Nanjing (which later became Nanjing University) and one in Beijing. During the Qing dynasty,the Guozijian was in Beijing.
Chang, Che-chia. "The Qing Imperial Academy of Medicine: Its institutions and the physicians shaped by them." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 41.1 (2015): 63–92. online[usurped]
Sivin, Nathan. "Science and Medicine in Imperial China--the state of the field." Journal of Asian Studies (1988): 41–90. online
Yuan, Zheng. "Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment," History of Education Quarterly (Volume 34, Number 2; Summer 1994): 193–213.
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