Putonghua Proficiency Test | |||||||
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Simplified Chinese | 普通话水平测试 | ||||||
Traditional Chinese | 普通話水平測試 | ||||||
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The Putonghua Proficiency Test or Putonghua Shuiping Ceshi (PSC) is an official test of spoken fluency in Standard Chinese (Mandarin) intended for native speakers of Chinese languages. The test was developed in October 1994 by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China,the Institute of Applied Linguistics at Beijing Language and Culture University and the State Administration of Press,Publication,Radio,Film and Television. [1] Specified standards of achievement in the test are required for many jobs in broadcasting,education and government. [2]
The test consists of five sections: [1] [3]
There are sixty literary selections used in the fourth section of the test, [4] including:
Candidates who pass the test are given a Certificate of Putonghua Proficiency Level at levels 1,2 or 3,each of which is subdivided into grades A and B: [8] [9]
By 2010,the test had been taken more than 35 million times. As it requires strict adherence to the phonology of Standard Chinese,including such features as retroflex initials, erhua and weak syllables,the test gives an advantage to native speakers of the Beijing dialect and closely related varieties over speakers of varieties lacking these features. [8]
Standard Chinese —in linguistics Standard Northern Mandarin or Standard Beijing Mandarin,in common speech simply Mandarin,better qualified as Standard Mandarin,Modern Standard Mandarin or Standard Mandarin Chinese—is a modern standardized form of Mandarin Chinese that was first developed during the Republican Era (1912‒1949). It is designated as the official language of mainland China and a major language in the United Nations,Singapore,and Taiwan. It is largely based on the Beijing dialect. Standard Chinese is a pluricentric language with local standards in mainland China,Taiwan and Singapore that mainly differ in their lexicon. Hong Kong written Chinese,used for formal written communication in Hong Kong and Macau,is a form of Standard Chinese that is read aloud with the Cantonese reading of characters.
Tōshōdai-ji (唐招提寺) is a Buddhist temple of the Risshūsect in the city of Nara,in Nara Prefecture,Japan. The Classic Golden Hall,also known as the kondō,has a single story,hipped tiled roof with a seven bay wide facade. It is considered the archetype of "classical style".
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Mei Ting is a Chinese actress. She received the Best Actress awards at the 22nd Cairo International Film Festival and 5th Huabiao Awards for her performance in "A Time to Remember".
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Xiandai Hanyu Cidian,also known as A Dictionary of Current Chinese or Contemporary Chinese Dictionary is an important one-volume dictionary of Standard Mandarin Chinese published by the Commercial Press,now into its 7th (2016) edition. It was originally edited by LüShuxiang and Ding Shengshu as a reference work on modern Standard Mandarin Chinese. Compilation started in 1958 and trial editions were issued in 1960 and 1965,with a number of copies printed in 1973 for internal circulation and comments,but due to the Cultural Revolution the final draft was not completed until the end of 1977,and the first formal edition was not published until December 1978. It was the first People's Republic of China dictionary to be arranged according to Hanyu Pinyin,the phonetic standard for Standard Mandarin Chinese,with explanatory notes in simplified Chinese. The subsequent second through seventh editions were respectively published in 1983,1996,2002,2005,2012 and 2016.
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The Public English Test System is a test developed by the National Education Examinations Authority (NEEA) of Mainland China. The PETS is the edition of the Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi (WSK) for the English language. It is available in five levels:PETS-1 through PETS-5. PETS testing is open to persons of all professions,ages,and academic backgrounds.
The National Outstanding Children's Literature Award is a major literary award in China,established in 1986. It is run by the China Writers Association,and is awarded every three years in the categories of novels,picture books,poetry,essays and non-fiction.
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Xie Mian is a contemporary Chinese writer and literary scholar based in Beijing. His piece "People that Read are Happy People" included in his 1997 book Eternal Campus (永远的校园) and originally published in the July 19,1995 edition of the China Reader's Report (中华读书报) is one of the potential reading selections for Putonghua Proficiency Test test-takers.
Protection of the varieties of Chinese refers to efforts to protect the continued existence of the varieties of Chinese in Mainland China and other places against pressure to abandon these languages and use Standard Chinese. The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China has proclaimed to be taking active measures to protect ten varieties of Chinese. However,a large majority of the citizens of China speak a dialect of Mandarin Chinese,a standardized form of which has been enforced and promoted by the communist government of China for the last sixty years. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China calls on the government to promote Putonghua as the common tongue of the nation,but this policy has caused conflict to a certain extent with plans to preserve local varieties of Chinese. Education and media programming in varieties of Chinese other than Mandarin have been discouraged by the governments of the People's Republic of China,Singapore,and Taiwan. Teaching the varieties of Chinese to non-native speakers is discouraged by the laws of the People's Republic of China in favor of Putonghua. The Guangdong National Language Regulations are a set of laws enacted by the Guangdong provincial government in the People's Republic of China in 2012 to promote the use of Standard Mandarin Chinese in broadcast and print media at the expense of the local standard Cantonese and other related dialects. It has also been labelled a "pro-Mandarin,anti-Yue" legislation.
峻青,原名孙俊卿,1922年出生于烟台海阳市郭城镇西楼子村,当代著名作家、画家。
1923年朱自清先生来温州执教,同年先后两次来到仙岩梅雨潭景区,被仙岩浓厚的人文气息和那醉人的女儿绿深深吸引,于是就写下了脍炙人口的美文名篇《绿》。