Ministry of Revenue | |||||||||
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(Pre-Sui) | |||||||||
Chinese | 度支 | ||||||||
Literal meaning | Going Over Expenses Accounting Exchequer | ||||||||
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(Sui) | |||||||||
Chinese | 民部 | ||||||||
Literal meaning | Ministry of People Census Ministry | ||||||||
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(Tang–Qing) | |||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 戶部 | ||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 户部 | ||||||||
Literal meaning | Household(s) Ministry Census Ministry | ||||||||
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Manchu name | |||||||||
Manchu script | ᠪᠣᡳᡤᠣᠨ ᡳ ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨ | ||||||||
Möllendorff | boigon i jurgan |
The Ministry or Board of Revenue was one of the Six Ministries under the Department of State Affairs in imperial China.
The term "Ministry" or "Board of Revenue" is an English gloss of the department's purview. It is also similarly translated as the Finance Ministry or Board of Finance. In Chinese,the various names of the department never referred to the government's monetary income. Instead,prior to the Sui dynasty,it was known as the Dùzhī from its role in overseeing government expenses. Under the Sui,it was known as the "Ministry of People" (Mínbù) from its role overseeing the census and its associated taxation. From the Tang to the Qing,it was known as the "Households Department" (Hùbù),again from its role in overseeing a census reckoned in households and its associated taxation.
Charles O. Hucker wrote that the Ministry of Revenue was "in general charge of population and land censures,assessment and collection of taxes,and storage and distribution of government revenues." The ministry was usually divided into specialized bureaus:
Each bureau was headed by a director (郎中). The ministry was headed by a minister (尚書).
The Imperial Household Agency (IHA) is an agency of the government of Japan in charge of state matters concerning the Imperial Family,and also the keeping of the Privy Seal and State Seal of Japan. From around the 8th century AD,up until the Second World War,it was known as the Imperial Household Ministry.
The Ministry of Finance is the ministry of the Republic of China (Taiwan) responsible for government revenue,taxation,treasury,government land properties,customs in Taiwan. The current minister is Su Jain-rong.
Yang Yan,courtesy name Gongnan (公南),was a Chinese historian and politician serving as a chancellor early in the reign of Emperor Dezong. He was credited with reforming the tax system to reduce burdens on the peasants and to bring merchants into the rank of taxpayers,but was blamed for using his position to take vengeance on political enemies. He was removed in 781 and soon executed.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is the first-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China,responsible for the country's foreign relations. It is led by the Foreign Minister,currently Qin Gang,who serves as the nation's principal representative abroad. The ministry is headquartered in Chaoyang District,Beijing,the country's primary diplomatic quarter.
Flying cash,or Feipiao,was a type of paper negotiable instrument used during China's Tang dynasty invented by merchants but adopted by the state. Its name came from their ability to transfer cash across vast distances without physically transporting it. It is a precursor to true banknotes which appeared during the Song dynasty.
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China,following the Qin dynasty. It was divided into the periods of Western (Former) Han and Eastern (Later) Han,briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty of Wang Mang. The capital of Western Han was Chang'an,and the capital of Eastern Han was Luoyang. The emperor headed the government,promulgating all written laws,serving as commander-in-chief of the armed forces,and presiding as the chief executive official. He appointed all government officials who earned a salary of 600 bushels of grain or more with the help of advisors who reviewed each nominee. The empress dowager could either be the emperor's actual or symbolic mother,and was in practice more respected than the emperor,as she could override his decisions. The emperor's executive powers could also be practiced by any official upon whom he bestowed the Staff of Authority. These powers included the right to execute criminals without the imperial court's permission.
The Zhongshu Sheng,also known as the Palace Secretariat or Central Secretariat,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure in imperial China from Cao Wei (220–266) until the early Ming dynasty. As one of the Three Departments,the Zhongshu Sheng was primarily a policy-formulating agency responsible for proposing and drafting all imperial decrees,but its actual function varied at different times. The department traces its origins back to the Han dynasty.
The Three Departments and Six Ministries system was the primary administrative structure in imperial China from the Sui dynasty (581–618) to the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). It was also used by Balhae (698–926) and Goryeo (918–1392) and various other kingdoms in Manchuria,Korea and Vietnam.
The Nine Ministers or Nine Chamberlains was the collective name for nine high officials in the imperial government of the Han dynasty,who each headed one of the Nine Courts and were subordinates to the Three Councillors of State.
Liu Yan,courtesy name Shi'an,was a Chinese economist and politician during the Tang dynasty who served briefly as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Daizong –but who was more known for his reforms in the Tang salt monopoly and food transportation systems,credited with allowing the Tang economy to recover after the disastrous An Lushan Rebellion. In 780,during the reign of Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong,after the chancellor Yang Yan made a series of false accusations against him,he was first demoted and then executed.
Liu Zi (劉滋),courtesy name Gongmao (公茂),was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty,briefly serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong.
Cui Guicong (崔龜從),courtesy name Xuangao (玄告),was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty,serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong.
The Ministry or Board of Rites was one of the Six Ministries of government in late imperial China. It was part of the imperial Chinese government from the Tang until the 1911 Xinhai Revolution. Along with religious rituals and court ceremonial the Ministry of Rites also oversaw the imperial examination and China's foreign relations.
Zhang Wenwei (張文蔚),courtesy name Youhua (右華),was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Tang's succeeding Later Liang dynasty,serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Tang's final emperor Emperor Ai and Later Liang's founding emperor Emperor Taizu.
The Shangshu Sheng,sometimes translated as the Department of State Affairs or the Imperial Secretariat,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure. It was the primary executive institution of imperial China,head of the Six Ministries,the Nine Courts,and the Three Directorates. The Six Ministries consisted of the Ministry of Personnel,the Ministry of Revenue,the Ministry of Rites,the Ministry of War,the Ministry of Justice,and the Ministry of Works. The Department of State of Affairs existed in one form or another from the Han dynasty until the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368),but was never re-established in the following Ming dynasty.
The Menxia Sheng,sometimes translated as the Chancellery,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure of imperial China. It advised the emperor and the Zhongshu Sheng,and reviewed edicts and commands. As the least important of the three departments,it existed in name only by the Song dynasty while its functions were delegated to the other two departments. In 1129,the Chancellery was merged with the Central Secretariat.
The Three Bureaus traditionally refer to the Bureau of Salt and Iron Monopoly,Tax Bureau,and Census bureau that originated during the Song dynasty. However the Three Bureaus have been used to refer to different institutions at different points in Chinese history. In the Eastern Han (25-220),it included posts such as Defender-in-Chief (taiwei),Minister of Education (situ),and Minister of Works (sikong). In the Tang dynasty (618-907),it referred to the Censorate (yushitai),the Chancellery,and the Palace Secretariat. During the Ming dynasty,it referred to three provincial level institutions:the regional military commission,the Provincial Administration Commission,and the Provincial Surveillance Commission.
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