"To Live Is to Die" is a song by the American heavy metal band Metallica from their fourth studio album, ...And Justice for All, released on September 7, 1988. Made as a tribute towards their former bassist Cliff Burton, who died two years before the song's release, it is built off of a riff that he wrote prior to his death. The song is predominantly an instrumental, although it incorporates a spoken word section where James Hetfield recites a poem made by Burton, with some lines taken from the German poet Paul Gerhardt and American novelist Stephen R. Donaldson.
The song has received positive responses from music critics, who have commented on its role as a tribute towards Burton and its associated sentimental value. The band initially went several years without performing the song in their live concerts due to the emotional context behind it. Due to pushing from the band's current bassist Robert Trujillo, they played the song for the first time during one of the performances of their 30th anniversary celebration at The Fillmore in 2011.
Background
Metallica released their third studio album, Master of Puppets, in 1986. To promote the album, the band embarked on the Damage, Inc. Tour throughout 1986.[1][2] On September 27, 1986, shortly after playing a show in Stockholm, the band's tour bus crashed and ended up crushing their then-bassist Cliff Burton, killing him.[1] Though Burton was succeeded by Jason Newsted as the band's bassist, the death of Burton devastated the band.[3] They began working on their fourth studio album, ...And Justice for All, in 1987.[4][5]Flemming Rasmussen served as producer with some assistance from Hetfield and Ulrich.[5] The album's instrumental, "To Live Is to Die", was made as a tribute towards Burton.[3][6]
Writing and composition
"To Live Is to Die" was recorded from January to May 1988.[7] It is built off of a riff that he demoed during the production of Master of Puppets that went unused on the final record.[3][8][6] He also wrote the song's introduction and build-up.[3]James Hetfield described "To Live Is to Die" as a "homage to Cliff without going over the top", and that it's about "how grateful we were to have that time with him".[3] The song was written by Hetfield, Lars Ulrich, and Burton.[7] Burton's posthumous writing credit makes "To Live Is to Die" his final contribution towards a Metallica song.[9] For his performance, Kirk Hammett incorporated a sound effect of him adjusting the volume control, which was inspired by Kiss member Ace Frehley.[7]
At 9 minutes and 48 seconds,[10] "To Live Is to Die" features multiple different sections.[11] It opens up with an acoustic guitar medley accompanied by light percussion,[7] before leading into an electric guitar build-up and a section which alters and builds upon the main medley.[11] It also features a guitar solo from Hammett.[7][11] The song is played at 56 beats per minute, and shifts between multiple different keys, including B minor, E minor, and A minor.[12]
Poem and title
"When a man lies, he murders some part of the world. These are the pale deaths which men miscall their lives. All this I cannot bear to witness any longer. Cannot the kingdom of salvation take me home?"
While "To Live Is to Die" is mostly an instrumental track, it features a spoken word section by Hetfield near the end of the song, in which he recites a poem that was written by Burton prior to his death.[3][6] The poem consists of lines made by Burton, as well as two other writers, namely German poet Paul Gerhardt and American novelist Stephen R. Donaldson. The first line ("When a man lies, he murders some part of the world") is a translation of Gerhardt's work, while the second line ("These are all pale deaths which men miscall their lives") is taken from Donaldson's Lord Foul's Bane (1977). The last two lines ("All this I cannot bear to witness any longer / Cannot the kingdom of salvation take me home?") were penned by Burton.[7] Likewise, the name of the song was based on one of Burton's favorite phrases, according to Hetfield. Despite only writing half of the section, the lyrics of the song are attributed to him in the liner notes.[6][10]
Release and live performance
...And Justice for All was released on September 7, 1988; "To Live Is To Die" is the eighth song on the track list.[13] In 2018, a remastered version of ...And Justice for All, including "To Live Is to Die", was released.[14] Alongside the release of the remaster, a deluxe box set for the album was released that included several demos of "To Live Is to Die".[15][16]
Until 2011, Metallica refrained from performing "To Live Is to Die" in any of their live concerts due to the emotional context behind it, aside from minor excerpts being incorporated into jam sessions.[3][17] On December 7, 2011, the band performed the song in full for the first time during the second night of their 30th anniversary celebrations at the Fillmore in San Francisco.[3] The performance was the result of their current bassist, Robert Trujillo, pushing for the song to be performed during the event.[3][18]
Critical reception and legacy
The last line of the poem featured in the song is featured on Burton's memorial stone, erected near the site of the bus crash.
Sean T. Collins of Pitchfork referred to "To Live Is to Die" as the "Rosetta Stone" of ...And Justice for All. He described it as the band's "artistic outlet for their sublimated grief", and highlighted the song's poem as "bleaker than anything the band recorded before or since".[14] In an article discussing Metallica songs that he deemed to be underrated, J.S. Gornael of Collider deemed "To Live Is To Die" as a "near-perfect, sincere confrontation with a devastating loss", describing it as an example of heavy metal music having the "capacity to evoke both the sadness and the rage that may come from mourning". He particularly highlighted the song's third movement and the poem section, with the former being "enough to bring a tear to the eye".[11] Joe Gross of Rolling Stone believed that the song was a "lovely tribute" to Burton, and "everything that came after as well".[8]Decibel described the song as a "very intense, very advanced listen", although one that was hard to highlight over other songs on the album due to being an instrumental.[19]Metal Forces labeled it as "possibly Metallica’s best instrumental yet", highlighting the song's variation in structure as keeping things fresh and making it not seem as long as it was.[20]
In their rankings of the songs in Metallica's discography, WMMR and Spin both ranked "To Live Is to Die" as Metallica's 38th best song;[21][22]Spin described the song as evolving from a funeral march, to "solemn remembrance with glimpses of Burton’s grandiosity", before everyone "breaks down at the end"; they further highlighted the ending of the song as the "wordless cry of grief".[22]Rolling Stone ranked it as Metallica's 47th best song.[8] Paul Travers of Metal Hammer ranked it as their second best instrumental, behind "Orion".[23]
The song's title is the namesake for Joel McIver's biography on Burton's life, published in 2009.[17] The last line of the poem is engraved onto Burton's gravestone,[6] as well as a memorial stone that was erected near the site of the bus crash that killed him.[7]
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