Tukangbesi sunbird | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Nectariniidae |
Genus: | Cinnyris |
Species: | C. infrenatus |
Binomial name | |
Cinnyris infrenatus Hartert, 1903 | |
Synonyms | |
Cinnyris jugularis infrenatus Hartert, 1903 |
The Tukangbesi sunbird (Cinnyris infrenatus) is a species of passerine bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is found on the Tukangbesi Islands that lie to the southeast of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis).
The Tukangbesi sunbird was formally described in 1903 by the German orthithologist Ernst Hartert based on specimens collected by Heinrich Kühn on the Tukangbesi Islands (also known as the Wakatobi Islands) which lie southeast of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Hartert coined the binomial name Cinnyris infrenatus. [1] [2] The specific epithet is Latin meaning "unbridled". [3] It was formerly considered as a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird (renamed as the garden sunbird) (Cinnyris jugularis) but is now treated as a separate species based on the genetic and plumage differences. [4] [5] [6] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. [4]
The Tukangbesi sunbird is 10–11.4 cm (3.9–4.5 in) in length. The male weighs 6.7–11.9 g (0.24–0.42 oz), the female 6–10 g (0.21–0.35 oz). The species is sexual dimorphic. The male is dark brownish-olive above, the remiges are black with light edging and the outer feathers of the black tail have a white tip. The throat is blue-black iridescent, the iris is dark brown and the legs are black. The underparts are yellow. This species lacks the yellow supercilium and yellow moustachial stripe of the Sahul sunbird. The female lacks the iridescent throat patch. [1] [7]
The elongated hanging nest is 30–60 cm (12–24 in) in length and has a hooded side entrance. It is usually placed between 0.5 and 1.5 m (1 ft 8 in and 4 ft 11 in) above the ground but can occasionally be as high as 10 m (33 ft). It is constructed by the female using grass, bark, moss, lichens, leaf fragments, vegetable fibres and spider webs. The clutch of 1–3 eggs is incubated by the female. The eggs hatch after 11–16 days and the young are then fed by both parents. The chicks fledge after 13–16 days. Normally several broods are raised each year. [7]
It forages either singly or in small groups. The diet consists of small insects, spiders, nectar and small fruit. [7]
The garden sunbird, previously known as the olive-backed sunbird, is a species of passerine bird in the family Nectariniidae that is found in the Philippines except on the Palawan island group. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with seven other species: the ornate sunbird, Palawan sunbird, Sahul sunbird, Tukangbesi sunbird, Flores Sea sunbird, South Moluccan sunbird and the Mamberamo sunbird. It is a small, brightly coloured bird with olive-green plumage on the wings and back with a bright yellow chest. It has a long downward-curved bill it uses for taking nectar and capturing insects. It is primarily nectarivorous, but will take insects and spiders, particularly when feeding chicks.
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Humblot's sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is endemic to the islands of Grand Comoro and Mohéli in the Comoros.
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The black-bellied sunbird(Cinnyris nectarinioides) is a small sunbird located primarily in Africa. Two subspecies are recognized: the Cinnyris nectarinioides erlangeri, which is smaller and found in Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya; and the Cinnyris nectarinioides nectarinioides, which is larger and found in Kenya and Tanzania. This bird inhabits savannah, wetlands, and terrestrial freshwater areas.
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The Sahul sunbird is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is endemic to Sulawesi eastwards to New Guinea and the Soloman Islands. It is also found in northeast Australia. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird.
The south Moluccan sunbird is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that found on some of the Maluku Islands, between Sulawesi and New Guinea in Indonesia. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird.
The Flores Sea sunbird is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is found on several small islands in the Flores Sea. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird.
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The Palawan sunbird is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is found on the islands of the Palawan group in the Philippines. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird.