Cinnyris

Cinnyris
	Male Splendid sunbird, C. coccinigastrus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Nectariniidae
Genus:	Cinnyris ; Cuvier, 1816
Type species
	Certhia spendida = Certhia coccinigaster; Shaw, 1811
Species
	See text

Last updated January 31, 2024

Cinnyris is a genus of sunbirds. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia . They are generally known as double-collared sunbirds because the fringe of their bib usually includes a band of contrastingly coloured feathers.^[2]

Taxonomy

The genus Cinnyris was introduced by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1816.^[3] The type species was designated as "Certhia splendida Shaw" by George Robert Gray in 1855.^[4] This taxon is a junior synonym of Certhia coccinigaster described by John Latham in 1801. This is now the splendid sunbird.^[5]^[6]^[7] The name Cinnyris is from the Ancient Greek κιννυρις (kinnyris), an unknown small bird mentioned by Hesychius of Alexandria.^[8]

It is suspected that the genus is polyphyletic and the positions of many are unresolved:^[9]^[10]

Species

The genus contains 63 species:^[6]

Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
Olive-bellied sunbird	Cinnyris chloropygius	African tropical rainforest.
Tiny sunbird	Cinnyris minullus	African tropical rainforest.
Eastern Miombo sunbird	Cinnyris manoensis	central and eastern Africa
Western Miombo sunbird	Cinnyris gertrudis	western Africa.
Southern double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris chalybeus	southern Africa.
Neergaard's sunbird	Cinnyris neergaardi	Mozambique and South Africa
Rwenzori double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris stuhlmanni	south central Africa
Whyte’s double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris whytei	Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania.
Prigogine's double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris prigoginei	Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Ludwig's double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris ludovicensis	Angola, northern Malawi, and northeastern Zambia
Northern double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris reichenowi	Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Sudan, and Uganda
Greater double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris afer	southern South Africa.
Regal sunbird	Cinnyris regius	Uganda to Tanzania
Rockefeller's sunbird	Cinnyris rockefelleri	Democratic Republic of the Congo
Eastern double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris mediocris	Kenya and northern Tanzania
Usambara double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris usambaricus	Kenya and northeast Tanzania
Forest double-collared sunbird	Cinnyris fuelleborni	East Africa.
Moreau's sunbird	Cinnyris moreaui	Tanzania
Beautiful sunbird	Cinnyris pulchellus	Senegal and Guinea in the west to Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya
Loveridge's sunbird	Cinnyris loveridgei	Tanzania.
Marico sunbird	Cinnyris mariquensis	Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
Shelley's sunbird	Cinnyris shelleyi	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Hofmann's sunbird	Cinnyris hofmanni	eastern Tanzania
Congo sunbird	Cinnyris congensis	Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Red-chested sunbird	Cinnyris erythrocercus	Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Black-bellied sunbird	Cinnyris nectarinioides	Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania.
Purple-banded sunbird	Cinnyris bifasciatus	Angola, Botswana, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Eswatini, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Tsavo sunbird	Cinnyris tsavoensis	Kenya and Tanzania.
Violet-breasted sunbird	Cinnyris chalcomelas	Kenya and Somalia.
Pemba sunbird	Cinnyris pembae	Pemba Island, in Tanzania.
Orange-tufted sunbird	Cinnyris bouvieri	Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia.
Palestine sunbird	Cinnyris osea	Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa
Arabian sunbird	Cinnyris hellmayri	Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen.
Shining sunbird	Cinnyris habessinicus	Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda.
Splendid sunbird	Cinnyris coccinigastrus	tropical Africa.
Johanna's sunbird	Cinnyris johannae	African tropical rainforest.
Superb sunbird	Cinnyris superbus	African tropical rainforest.
Rufous-winged sunbird	Cinnyris rufipennis	Tanzania.
Oustalet's sunbird	Cinnyris oustaleti	Angola, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia.
White-bellied sunbird	Cinnyris talatala	Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Variable sunbird	Cinnyris venustus	Africa.
Dusky sunbird	Cinnyris fuscus	Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa.
Ursula's sunbird	Cinnyris ursulae	Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea
Bates's sunbird	Cinnyris batesi	Central Africa.
Copper sunbird	Cinnyris cupreus	Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
Purple sunbird	Cinnyris asiaticus	South and Southeast Asia
Olive-backed sunbird or Garden sunbird	Cinnyris jugularis	The Philippines
Apricot-breasted sunbird	Cinnyris buettikoferi	Indonesia
Flame-breasted sunbird	Cinnyris solaris	Timor
Souimanga sunbird	Cinnyris sovimanga	Madagascar, the Aldabra Group and the Glorioso Islands.
Seychelles sunbird	Cinnyris dussumieri	Seychelles
Malagasy green sunbird	Cinnyris notatus	Comoros and Madagascar.
Humblot's sunbird	Cinnyris humbloti	Comoros.
Anjouan sunbird	Cinnyris comorensis	Comoros
Mayotte sunbird	Cinnyris coquerellii	Comoros.
Loten's sunbird	Cinnyris lotenius	India and Sri Lanka.
Tukangbesi sunbird	Cinnyris infrenatus	Wakatobi Islands, Indonesia
Ornate sunbird	Cinnyris ornatus	Mainland Southeast Asia, Samatra, Java, Borneo and the Lesser Sunda Islands
Sahul sunbird	Cinnyris frenatus	Sulawesi to the Solomon Islands and northeast Australia
Palawan sunbird	Cinnyris aurora	Palawan and Busuanga Islands, Philippines
South Moluccan sunbird	Cinnyris clementiae	Maluku Islands, Indonesia
Flores Sea sunbird	Cinnyris teysmanni	Flores Sea islands, south of Sulawesi
Mamberamo sunbird	Cinnyris idenburgi	north New Guinea

Related Research Articles

The beautiful sunbird, formerly placed in the genus Nectarinia, is a sunbird. It is native to tropical Africa, its range extending from Senegal and Guinea in the west to Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Kenya in the east.

The olive-backed sunbird, also known as the garden sunbird, is a species of sunbird endemic to the Philippines except the Palawan island group.

The purple sunbird is a small bird in the sunbird family found mainly in South and Southeast Asia but extending west into parts of the Arabian peninsula. Like other sunbirds they feed mainly on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. They have a fast and direct flight and can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird but often perch at the base of flowers. The males can appear all black in harsh sunlight but the purple iridescence is visible on closer observation or under good light conditions. Females are olive above and yellowish below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loten's sunbird</span> Species of bird

Loten's sunbird, also known as the long-billed sunbird or maroon-breasted sunbird, is a sunbird endemic to peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Named after Joan Gideon Loten, who was the Dutch governor of colonial Ceylon, it is very similar to the purple sunbird that is found in the same areas and also tends to hover at flowers for nectar, but can be distinguished by the longer bill, the maroon band on the breast and brownish wings. Like other sunbirds, it is also insectivorous and builds characteristic hanging nests.

The Seychelles sunbird is a small passerine from the sunbird family. It is named after the French explorer Jean-Jacques Dussumier. It is native to the Seychelles, where it is known as kolibri in Seychellois Creole. This bird is placed in the genus Cinnyris by some authorities and in Nectarinia by others. Although this bird has a limited range, it is described as common and has a stable population, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

The orange-breasted sunbird is a species of small, predominantly nectar-feeding bird that is endemic to the fynbos shrubland biome of southwestern South Africa. It is the only member of the genus Anthobaphes, in the family Nectariniidae, though it is sometimes placed in the genus Nectarinia. The birds are sexually dimorphic, with females being olive green while the males are orange to yellow on the underside with bright green, blue and purple on the head and neck.

The greater double-collared sunbird, is a small bird in the sunbird family.

Prigogine's sunbird or Prigogine's double-collared sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae.

The souimanga sunbird is a small passerine bird of the sunbird family, Nectariniidae. It is native to the islands of the western Indian Ocean where it occurs on Madagascar, the Aldabra Group and the Glorioso Islands.

Nectarinia is a genus of birds in the sunbird family, Nectariniidae. What species belong to it has been highly contentious for many decades. Towards the late 20th century, the dominant trend was to use it to group all "typical" sunbirds. More recently taxonomists have divided the Nectarinia into eight genera which are now considered distinct from Nectarinia: Leptocoma, Anabathmis, Chalcomitra, Cinnyris, Cyanomitra, Dreptes, Anthobaphes, and Drepanorhynchus.

The eastern double-collared sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is found in upland areas of Kenya and northern Tanzania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neergaard's sunbird</span> Species of bird

Neergaard's sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is found in Mozambique and South Africa. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forest near the coast, where it is threatened by habitat loss. It is named after Paul Neergaard, a Danish recruiting officer for the Wenela agency, who was stationed in southern Mozambique.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ludwig's double-collared sunbird</span> Species of bird

Ludwig's double-collared sunbird or the montane double-collared sunbird, is a small passerine bird which breeds in forested mountains above 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in western Angola as well as the Nyika Plateau of northern Malawi and northeastern Zambia. This bird is sometimes considered to be con-specific with the greater double-collared sunbird. It is sometimes placed in the genus Nectarinia.

Whyte's double-collared sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It was considered a subspecies of Ludwig's double-collared sunbird. It is found in Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

The Sahul sunbird is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is endemic to Sulawesi eastwards to New Guinea and the Soloman Islands. It is also found in northeast Australia. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird.

The Palawan sunbird is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is found on the islands of the Palawan group in the Philippines. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird.

References

↑ "Nectariniidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
↑ Macdonald, J. D. (1959). "Old and New Lines in Taxonomy". Ibis. 101 (3–4): 330–334. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1959.tb02389.x. ISSN 1474-919X.
↑ Cuvier, Georges (1816). Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation : pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparée (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Déterville. p. 411.
↑ Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 19.
↑ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 223.
1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
↑ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
↑ Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
↑ Warren, Ben H; Bermingham, Eldredge; Bowie, Rauri CK; Prys-Jones, Robert P; Thébaud, Christophe (2003). "Molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western Indian Ocean sunbirds (Nectarinia: Nectariniidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (1): 67–85. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00063-0. PMID 12967608.
↑ Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Fjeldså, Jon; Hackett, Shannon J.; Crowe, Timothy M.; Fleischer, R. C. (2004). "Systematics and biogeography of double-collared sunbirds from the eastern arc mountains, tanzania". The Auk. 121 (3): 660–681. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0660:sabods]2.0.co;2. S2CID 86592887.

Other sources

Barlow, Wacher and Disley, Birds of The Gambia ISBN 1-873403-32-1
Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp, Birds of India ISBN 0-691-04910-6
Robson, Craig A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand ISBN 1-84330-921-1
Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil; Tarboton, Warwick (2002). SASOL Birds of Southern Africa. Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-721-6.

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[HM4-1] "Nectariniidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.

[2] Macdonald, J. D. (1959). "Old and New Lines in Taxonomy". Ibis. 101 (3–4): 330–334. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1959.tb02389.x. ISSN 1474-919X.

[3] Cuvier, Georges (1816). Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation : pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparée (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Déterville. p. 411.

[4] Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 19.

[5] Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 223.

[ioc-6] 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 January 2024.

[7] Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.

[hbwkey-8] Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 8 May 2018.

[9] Warren, Ben H; Bermingham, Eldredge; Bowie, Rauri CK; Prys-Jones, Robert P; Thébaud, Christophe (2003). "Molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western Indian Ocean sunbirds (Nectarinia: Nectariniidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (1): 67–85. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00063-0. PMID 12967608.

[10] Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Fjeldså, Jon; Hackett, Shannon J.; Crowe, Timothy M.; Fleischer, R. C. (2004). "Systematics and biogeography of double-collared sunbirds from the eastern arc mountains, tanzania". The Auk. 121 (3): 660–681. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0660:sabods]2.0.co;2. S2CID 86592887.

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Cinnyris

Male Splendid sunbird, C. coccinigastrus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Nectariniidae
Genus:	Cinnyris Cuvier, 1816
Type species
Certhia spendida ^[1] = Certhia coccinigaster Shaw, 1811
Species
See text