Cinnyris

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Cinnyris
Splendid sunbird (Cinnyris coccinigastrus) male.jpg
Male Splendid sunbird, C. coccinigastrus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Nectariniidae
Genus: Cinnyris
Cuvier, 1816
Type species
Certhia spendida [1] = Certhia coccinigaster
Shaw, 1811
Species

See text

male Palestine sunbird (Cinnyris osea osea) Palestine sunbird (Cinnyris osea osea) male.jpg
male Palestine sunbird ( Cinnyris osea osea )
male Cinnyris sovimanga apolis Souimanga sunbird (Cinnyris sovimanga apolis) male.jpg
male Cinnyris sovimanga apolis

Cinnyris is a genus of sunbirds. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia . They are generally known as double-collared sunbirds because the fringe of their bib usually includes a band of contrastingly coloured feathers. [2]

Contents

The sunbirds are a group of very small Old World passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.

Taxonomy

The genus Cinnyris was introduced by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1816. [3] The type species was designated as "Certhia splendida Shaw" by George Robert Gray in 1855. [4] This taxon is a junior synonym of Certhia coccinigaster described by John Latham in 1801. This is now the splendid sunbird. [5] [6] [7] The name Cinnyris is from the Ancient Greek κιννυρις (kinnyris), an unknown small bird mentioned by Hesychius of Alexandria. [8]

It is suspected that the genus is polyphyletic and the positions of many are unresolved: [9] [10]

Species

The genus contains 64 species: [6]

ImageCommon NameScientific nameDistribution
Olive-bellied Sunbird - Kakum NP - Ghana 14 S4E1596 (cropped).jpg Olive-bellied sunbird Cinnyris chloropygiusAfrican tropical rainforest
Cinnyris minullus, male.jpg Tiny sunbird Cinnyris minullusAfrican tropical rainforest
Cinnyris manoensis 15608134, crop.jpg Eastern miombo sunbird Cinnyris manoensiscentral and eastern Africa
Western miombo sunbird Cinnyris gertrudiswestern Africa
Lesser Double-collared Sunbird - Cinnyris chalybeus (49088533437).jpg Southern double-collared sunbird Cinnyris chalybeussouthern Africa
Neergaard's sunbird Cinnyris neergaardiMozambique and South Africa
Rwenzori double-collared sunbird Cinnyris stuhlmannisouth central Africa
Whyte's double-collared sunbird Cinnyris whyteiZambia, Malawi, and Tanzania
Prigogine's double-collared sunbird Cinnyris prigogineiDemocratic Republic of the Congo
Ludwig-s Double-collared Sunbird.jpg Ludwig's double-collared sunbird Cinnyris ludovicensisAngola, northern Malawi, and northeastern Zambia
Northern double-collared sunbird (Cinnyris reichenowi preussi) male.jpg Northern double-collared sunbird Cinnyris reichenowiBurundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Sudan, and Uganda
Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, Cape Town, South Africa (Unsplash).jpg Greater double-collared sunbird Cinnyris afersouthern South Africa
Nectarinia regia.jpg Regal sunbird Cinnyris regiusUganda to Tanzania
Rockefeller's sunbird Cinnyris rockefelleriAlbertine Rift montane forests
Eastern Double-collared Sunbird, Ngorongoro Crater (8494806979).jpg Eastern double-collared sunbird Cinnyris mediocrisKenya and northern Tanzania
Usambara double-collared sunbird Cinnyris usambaricusKenya and northeast Tanzania
Forest double-collared sunbird Cinnyris fuelleborniEast Africa
Moreau's sunbird Cinnyris moreauiTanzania
Beautiful Sunbird, Tarangire, Tanzania (8495915882).jpg Beautiful sunbird Cinnyris pulchellusSenegal and Guinea in the west to Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia and northwest Kenya
Gorgeous sunbird (split from beautiful sunbird)Cinnyris melanogastrusKenya and Tanzania
Loveridge's sunbird Cinnyris loveridgeiTanzania
Marico sunbird, Cinnyris mariquensis (male) at Marakele National Park, Limpopo, South Africa (16301138095).jpg Marico sunbird Cinnyris mariquensisAngola, Botswana, Burundi, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
Shelley's sunbird Cinnyris shelleyiDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe
Hofmann's sunbird Cinnyris hofmannieastern Tanzania
Congo sunbird Cinnyris congensisDemocratic Republic of the Congo
Red-chested sunbird (Cinnyris erythrocercus) male.jpg Red-chested sunbird Cinnyris erythrocercusBurundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda
Black-bellied Sunbird - Tsavo NP - Kenya 2018.jpg Black-bellied sunbird Cinnyris nectarinioidesEthiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania
Purple-banded Sunbird (Cinnyris bifasciatus).jpg Purple-banded sunbird Cinnyris bifasciatusAngola, Botswana, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Eswatini, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
Tsavo Sunbird (Cinnyris tsavoensis) (31644749997).jpg Tsavo sunbird Cinnyris tsavoensisKenya and Tanzania
Violet-breasted sunbird Cinnyris chalcomelasKenya and Somalia
Pemba Sunbird, Manta Resort, Pemba Island (8494780065).jpg Pemba sunbird Cinnyris pembaePemba Island, in Tanzania
Orange-tufted Sunbird.jpg Orange-tufted sunbird Cinnyris bouvieriAngola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia
Palestine sunbird (Cinnyris osea osea) male 2.jpg Palestine sunbird Cinnyris oseaMiddle East and sub-Saharan Africa
Glanznektarvogel.jpg Arabian sunbird Cinnyris hellmayriOman, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen
Abyssinian sunbird Cinnyris habessinicusDjibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda
Splendid Sunbird - Gambia (32498163312).jpg Splendid sunbird Cinnyris coccinigastrustropical Africa
Johanna's sunbird (Cinnyris johannae) female.jpg Johanna's sunbird Cinnyris johannaeAfrican tropical rainforest
Superb Sunbird - Shai Hills - Ghana 14 S4E1137.jpg Superb sunbird Cinnyris superbusAfrican tropical rainforest
Rufous-winged sunbird Cinnyris rufipennisTanzania
Oustalet's sunbird Cinnyris oustaletiAngola, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia
Male white-bellied Sunbird,Cinnyris talatala at at Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden, Gauteng, South Africa (35240197235).jpg White-bellied sunbird Cinnyris talatalaAngola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
Variable sunbird (Cinnyris venustus venustus) male.jpg Variable sunbird Cinnyris venustusSub-Saharan Africa
Dusky sunbird (Cinnyris fuscus) male.jpg Dusky sunbird Cinnyris fuscusAngola, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa
Ursula's sunbird Cinnyris ursulaeNigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea
Bates's sunbird Cinnyris batesiCentral Africa
Cinnyris cupreus by Francesco Veronesi (cropped).jpg Copper sunbird Cinnyris cupreusAngola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique
Purple male sunbird (cropped).JPG Purple sunbird Cinnyris asiaticusSouth and Southeast Asia
PHILIPPINE OLIVE-BACKED SUNBIRD.jpg Garden sunbird or olive-backed sunbirdCinnyris jugularisThe Philippines
Apricot-breasted Sunbird (cropped).jpg Apricot-breasted sunbird Cinnyris buettikoferiIndonesia
Flame-breasted sunbird Cinnyris solarisTimor
Souimanga Sunbird - Andasibe - Madagascar S4E7744 (15266051336).jpg Souimanga sunbird Cinnyris sovimangaMadagascar, the Aldabra Group and the Glorioso Islands
Cinnyris dussumieri.jpg Seychelles sunbird Cinnyris dussumieriSeychelles
Malagasy green sunbird (Cinnyris notatus).jpg Malagasy green sunbird Cinnyris notatusComoros and Madagascar
Humblot's sunbird.jpg Humblot's sunbird Cinnyris humblotiComoros
Anjouan sunbird Cinnyris comorensisComoros
Mayotte sunbird Cinnyris coquerelliiComoros
Loten sunbird by arshad ka.jpg Loten's sunbird Cinnyris loteniusIndia and Sri Lanka
Tukangbesi sunbird Cinnyris infrenatusWakatobi Islands, Indonesia
Cinnyris jugularis - Kent Ridge Park.jpg Ornate sunbird Cinnyris ornatus Mainland Southeast Asia, Samatra, Java, Borneo and the Lesser Sunda Islands
Cinnyris jugularis male.jpg Sahul sunbird Cinnyris frenatusSulawesi to the Solomon Islands and northeast Australia
Palawan sunbird Cinnyris aurora Palawan and Busuanga Islands, Philippines
South Moluccan sunbird Cinnyris clementiae Maluku Islands, Indonesia
Flores Sea sunbird Cinnyris teysmanni Flores Sea islands, south of Sulawesi
Mamberamo sunbird Cinnyris idenburginorth New Guinea

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beautiful sunbird</span> Species of bird

The beautiful sunbird, formerly placed in the genus Nectarinia, is a small passerine bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae. It is native to tropical Africa, its range extending from Senegal and Guinea in the west to Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Kenya in the east. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the gorgeous sunbird.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garden sunbird</span> Species of bird

The garden sunbird, previously known as the olive-backed sunbird, is a species of passerine bird in the family Nectariniidae that is found in the Philippines except on the Palawan island group. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with seven other species: the ornate sunbird, Palawan sunbird, Sahul sunbird, Tukangbesi sunbird, Flores Sea sunbird, South Moluccan sunbird and the Mamberamo sunbird. It is a small, brightly coloured bird with olive-green plumage on the wings and back with a bright yellow chest. It has a long downward-curved bill it uses for taking nectar and capturing insects. It is primarily nectarivorous, but will take insects and spiders, particularly when feeding chicks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Purple sunbird</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loten's sunbird</span> Species of bird

Loten's sunbird, also known as the long-billed sunbird or maroon-breasted sunbird, is a sunbird endemic to peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Named after Joan Gideon Loten, who was the Dutch governor of colonial Ceylon, it is very similar to the purple sunbird that is found in the same areas and also tends to hover at flowers for nectar, but can be distinguished by the longer bill, the maroon band on the breast and brownish wings. Like other sunbirds, it is also insectivorous and builds characteristic hanging nests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange-breasted sunbird</span> Species of bird

The orange-breasted sunbird is a species of small, predominantly nectar-feeding bird that is endemic to the fynbos shrubland biome of southwestern South Africa. It is the only member of the genus Anthobaphes, in the family Nectariniidae, though it is sometimes placed in the genus Nectarinia. The birds are sexually dimorphic, with females being olive green while the males are orange to yellow on the underside with bright green, blue and purple on the head and neck.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malachite sunbird</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater double-collared sunbird</span> Species of bird

The greater double-collared sunbird is a small bird in the sunbird family. It was formerly placed in genus Nectarinia.

Prigogine's sunbird or Prigogine's double-collared sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Souimanga sunbird</span> Species of bird

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<i>Nectarinia</i> Genus of birds

Nectarinia is a genus of birds in the sunbird family, Nectariniidae. What species belong to it has been highly contentious for many decades. Towards the late 20th century, the dominant trend was to use it to group all "typical" sunbirds. More recently taxonomists have divided the Nectarinia into eight genera which are now considered distinct from Nectarinia: Leptocoma, Anabathmis, Chalcomitra, Cinnyris, Cyanomitra, Dreptes, Anthobaphes, and Drepanorhynchus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neergaard's sunbird</span> Species of bird

Neergaard's sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is found in Mozambique and South Africa. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forest near the coast, where it is threatened by habitat loss. It is named after Paul Neergaard, a Danish recruiting officer for the Wenela agency, who was stationed in southern Mozambique.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern double-collared sunbird</span> Species of bird

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<i>Cyanomitra</i> Genus of birds

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<i>Chalcomitra</i> Genus of birds

Chalcomitra is a genus of African sunbirds. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia.

<i>Leptocoma</i> Genus of birds

Leptocoma is a genus of sunbirds found from tropical South Asia to Papua New Guinea. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ludwig's double-collared sunbird</span> Species of bird

Ludwig's double-collared sunbird or the montane double-collared sunbird, is a small passerine bird which breeds in forested mountains above 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in western Angola as well as the Nyika Plateau of northern Malawi and northeastern Zambia. This bird is sometimes considered to be con-specific with the greater double-collared sunbird. It is sometimes placed in the genus Nectarinia.

Whyte's double-collared sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It was considered a subspecies of Ludwig's double-collared sunbird. It is found in Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sahul sunbird</span> Species of bird

The Sahul sunbird is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is endemic to Sulawesi eastwards to New Guinea and the Soloman Islands. It is also found in northeast Australia. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palawan sunbird</span> Species of bird

The Palawan sunbird is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is found on the islands of the Palawan group in the Philippines. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gorgeous sunbird</span> Species of bird

The gorgeous sunbird is a small passerine bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is found in southern Kenya and Tanzania. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the beautiful sunbird.

References

  1. ↑ "Nectariniidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  2. ↑ Macdonald, J. D. (1959). "Old and New Lines in Taxonomy". Ibis. 101 (3–4): 330–334. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1959.tb02389.x. ISSN   1474-919X.
  3. ↑ Cuvier, Georges (1816). Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation : pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparée (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Déterville. p. 411.
  4. ↑ Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 19.
  5. ↑ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 223.
  6. 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  7. ↑ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 273. ISBN   978-0-9568611-2-2.
  8. ↑ Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  9. ↑ Warren, Ben H; Bermingham, Eldredge; Bowie, Rauri CK; Prys-Jones, Robert P; Thébaud, Christophe (2003). "Molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western Indian Ocean sunbirds (Nectarinia: Nectariniidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (1): 67–85. Bibcode:2003MolPE..29...67W. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00063-0. PMID   12967608.
  10. ↑ Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Fjeldså, Jon; Hackett, Shannon J.; Crowe, Timothy M.; Fleischer, R. C. (2004). "Systematics and biogeography of double-collared sunbirds from the eastern arc mountains, tanzania". The Auk. 121 (3): 660–681. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0660:sabods]2.0.co;2. S2CID   86592887.

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