Cinnyris | |
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Male Splendid sunbird, C. coccinigastrus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Nectariniidae |
Genus: | Cinnyris Cuvier, 1816 |
Type species | |
Certhia spendida [1] = Certhia coccinigaster Shaw, 1811 | |
Species | |
See text |
Cinnyris is a genus of sunbirds. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia . They are generally known as double-collared sunbirds because the fringe of their bib usually includes a band of contrastingly coloured feathers. [2]
The sunbirds are a group of very small Old World passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.
The genus Cinnyris was introduced by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1816. [3] The type species was designated as "Certhia splendida Shaw" by George Robert Gray in 1855. [4] This taxon is a junior synonym of Certhia coccinigaster described by John Latham in 1801. This is now the splendid sunbird. [5] [6] [7] The name Cinnyris is from the Ancient Greek κιννυρις (kinnyris), an unknown small bird mentioned by Hesychius of Alexandria. [8]
It is suspected that the genus is polyphyletic and the positions of many are unresolved: [9] [10]
The genus contains 63 species: [6]
Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
Olive-bellied sunbird | Cinnyris chloropygius | African tropical rainforest | |
Tiny sunbird | Cinnyris minullus | African tropical rainforest | |
Eastern miombo sunbird | Cinnyris manoensis | central and eastern Africa | |
Western miombo sunbird | Cinnyris gertrudis | western Africa | |
Southern double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris chalybeus | southern Africa | |
Neergaard's sunbird | Cinnyris neergaardi | Mozambique and South Africa | |
Rwenzori double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris stuhlmanni | south central Africa | |
Whyte’s double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris whytei | Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania | |
Prigogine's double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris prigoginei | Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
Ludwig's double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris ludovicensis | Angola, northern Malawi, and northeastern Zambia | |
Northern double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris reichenowi | Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Sudan, and Uganda | |
Greater double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris afer | southern South Africa | |
Regal sunbird | Cinnyris regius | Uganda to Tanzania | |
Rockefeller's sunbird | Cinnyris rockefelleri | Albertine Rift montane forests | |
Eastern double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris mediocris | Kenya and northern Tanzania | |
Usambara double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris usambaricus | Kenya and northeast Tanzania | |
Forest double-collared sunbird | Cinnyris fuelleborni | East Africa | |
Moreau's sunbird | Cinnyris moreaui | Tanzania | |
Beautiful sunbird | Cinnyris pulchellus | Senegal and Guinea in the west to Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya | |
Loveridge's sunbird | Cinnyris loveridgei | Tanzania | |
Marico sunbird | Cinnyris mariquensis | Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe | |
Shelley's sunbird | Cinnyris shelleyi | Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe | |
Hofmann's sunbird | Cinnyris hofmanni | eastern Tanzania | |
Congo sunbird | Cinnyris congensis | Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
Red-chested sunbird | Cinnyris erythrocercus | Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda | |
Black-bellied sunbird | Cinnyris nectarinioides | Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania | |
Purple-banded sunbird | Cinnyris bifasciatus | Angola, Botswana, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Eswatini, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe | |
Tsavo sunbird | Cinnyris tsavoensis | Kenya and Tanzania | |
Violet-breasted sunbird | Cinnyris chalcomelas | Kenya and Somalia | |
Pemba sunbird | Cinnyris pembae | Pemba Island, in Tanzania | |
Orange-tufted sunbird | Cinnyris bouvieri | Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia | |
Palestine sunbird | Cinnyris osea | Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa | |
Arabian sunbird | Cinnyris hellmayri | Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen | |
Shining sunbird | Cinnyris habessinicus | Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda | |
Splendid sunbird | Cinnyris coccinigastrus | tropical Africa | |
Johanna's sunbird | Cinnyris johannae | African tropical rainforest | |
Superb sunbird | Cinnyris superbus | African tropical rainforest | |
Rufous-winged sunbird | Cinnyris rufipennis | Tanzania | |
Oustalet's sunbird | Cinnyris oustaleti | Angola, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia | |
White-bellied sunbird | Cinnyris talatala | Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe | |
Variable sunbird | Cinnyris venustus | Sub-Saharan Africa | |
Dusky sunbird | Cinnyris fuscus | Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa | |
Ursula's sunbird | Cinnyris ursulae | Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea | |
Bates's sunbird | Cinnyris batesi | Central Africa | |
Copper sunbird | Cinnyris cupreus | Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique | |
Purple sunbird | Cinnyris asiaticus | South and Southeast Asia | |
Olive-backed sunbird or garden sunbird | Cinnyris jugularis | The Philippines | |
Apricot-breasted sunbird | Cinnyris buettikoferi | Indonesia | |
Flame-breasted sunbird | Cinnyris solaris | Timor | |
Souimanga sunbird | Cinnyris sovimanga | Madagascar, the Aldabra Group and the Glorioso Islands | |
Seychelles sunbird | Cinnyris dussumieri | Seychelles | |
Malagasy green sunbird | Cinnyris notatus | Comoros and Madagascar | |
Humblot's sunbird | Cinnyris humbloti | Comoros | |
Anjouan sunbird | Cinnyris comorensis | Comoros | |
Mayotte sunbird | Cinnyris coquerellii | Comoros | |
Loten's sunbird | Cinnyris lotenius | India and Sri Lanka | |
Tukangbesi sunbird | Cinnyris infrenatus | Wakatobi Islands, Indonesia | |
Ornate sunbird | Cinnyris ornatus | Mainland Southeast Asia, Samatra, Java, Borneo and the Lesser Sunda Islands | |
Sahul sunbird | Cinnyris frenatus | Sulawesi to the Solomon Islands and northeast Australia | |
Palawan sunbird | Cinnyris aurora | Palawan and Busuanga Islands, Philippines | |
South Moluccan sunbird | Cinnyris clementiae | Maluku Islands, Indonesia | |
Flores Sea sunbird | Cinnyris teysmanni | Flores Sea islands, south of Sulawesi | |
Mamberamo sunbird | Cinnyris idenburgi | north New Guinea | |
The beautiful sunbird, formerly placed in the genus Nectarinia, is a sunbird. It is native to tropical Africa, its range extending from Senegal and Guinea in the west to Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Kenya in the east.
The garden sunbird, previously known as the olive-backed sunbird, is a species of passerine bird in the family Nectariniidae that is found in the Philippines except on the Palawan island group. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with seven other species: the ornate sunbird, Palawan sunbird, Sahul sunbird, Tukangbesi sunbird, Flores Sea sunbird, South Moluccan sunbird and the Mamberamo sunbird. It is a small, brightly coloured bird with olive-green plumage on the wings and back with a bright yellow chest. It has a long downward-curved bill it uses for taking nectar and capturing insects. It is primarily nectarivorous, but will take insects and spiders, particularly when feeding chicks.
The purple sunbird is a small bird in the sunbird family found mainly in South and Southeast Asia but extending west into parts of the Arabian peninsula. Like other sunbirds they feed mainly on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. They have a fast and direct flight and can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird but often perch at the base of flowers. The males can appear all black in harsh sunlight but the purple iridescence is visible on closer observation or under good light conditions. Females are olive above and yellowish below.
Loten's sunbird, also known as the long-billed sunbird or maroon-breasted sunbird, is a sunbird endemic to peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Named after Joan Gideon Loten, who was the Dutch governor of colonial Ceylon, it is very similar to the purple sunbird that is found in the same areas and also tends to hover at flowers for nectar, but can be distinguished by the longer bill, the maroon band on the breast and brownish wings. Like other sunbirds, it is also insectivorous and builds characteristic hanging nests.
The white-cheeked honeyeater is a species of honeyeater that inhabits the east coast and the south-west corner of Australia. It has a large white patch on its cheek, brown eyes, and a yellow panel on its wing.
The Seychelles sunbird is a small passerine from the sunbird family. It is named after the French explorer Jean-Jacques Dussumier. It is native to the Seychelles, where it is known as kolibri in Seychellois Creole. This bird is placed in the genus Cinnyris by some authorities and in Nectarinia by others. Although this bird has a limited range, it is described as common and has a stable population, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".
The orange-breasted sunbird is a species of small, predominantly nectar-feeding bird that is endemic to the fynbos shrubland biome of southwestern South Africa. It is the only member of the genus Anthobaphes, in the family Nectariniidae, though it is sometimes placed in the genus Nectarinia. The birds are sexually dimorphic, with females being olive green while the males are orange to yellow on the underside with bright green, blue and purple on the head and neck.
The greater double-collared sunbird is a small bird in the sunbird family. It was formerly placed in genus Nectarinia.
Prigogine's sunbird or Prigogine's double-collared sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae.
The souimanga sunbird is a small passerine bird of the sunbird family, Nectariniidae. It is native to the islands of the western Indian Ocean where it occurs on Madagascar, the Aldabra Group and the Glorioso Islands.
Nectarinia is a genus of birds in the sunbird family, Nectariniidae. What species belong to it has been highly contentious for many decades. Towards the late 20th century, the dominant trend was to use it to group all "typical" sunbirds. More recently taxonomists have divided the Nectarinia into eight genera which are now considered distinct from Nectarinia: Leptocoma, Anabathmis, Chalcomitra, Cinnyris, Cyanomitra, Dreptes, Anthobaphes, and Drepanorhynchus.
Neergaard's sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is found in Mozambique and South Africa. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forest near the coast, where it is threatened by habitat loss. It is named after Paul Neergaard, a Danish recruiting officer for the Wenela agency, who was stationed in southern Mozambique.
The northern double-collared sunbird, is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is found in Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Sudan, and Uganda.
Cyanomitra is a genus of African sunbirds. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia.
Chalcomitra is a genus of African sunbirds. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia.
Leptocoma is a genus of sunbirds found from tropical South Asia to Papua New Guinea. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia.
Ludwig's double-collared sunbird or the montane double-collared sunbird, is a small passerine bird which breeds in forested mountains above 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in western Angola as well as the Nyika Plateau of northern Malawi and northeastern Zambia. This bird is sometimes considered to be con-specific with the greater double-collared sunbird. It is sometimes placed in the genus Nectarinia.
Whyte's double-collared sunbird is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It was considered a subspecies of Ludwig's double-collared sunbird. It is found in Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The Sahul sunbird is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is endemic to Sulawesi eastwards to New Guinea and the Soloman Islands. It is also found in northeast Australia. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird.
The Palawan sunbird is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is found on the islands of the Palawan group in the Philippines. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird.