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Escherichia coli ( ESH-ə-RIK-ee-ə KOH-ly) is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes such as EPEC, and ETEC are pathogenic and can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for food contamination incidents that prompt product recalls. Most strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut and are harmless or even beneficial to humans (although these strains tend to be less studied than the pathogenic ones). For example, some strains of E. coli benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2 or by preventing the colonization of the intestine by pathogenic bacteria. These mutually beneficial relationships between E. coli and humans are a type of mutualistic biological relationship — where both the humans and the E. coli are benefitting each other. E. coli is expelled into the environment within fecal matter. The bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for three days, but its numbers decline slowly afterwards.
The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) formerly the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) or Bacteriological Code (BC) governs the scientific names for Bacteria and Archaea. It denotes the rules for naming taxa of bacteria, according to their relative rank. As such it is one of the nomenclature codes of biology.
Aeromonas veronii is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium found in fresh water and in association with animals. It can be a pathogen of humans and a beneficial symbiont of leeches. In humans A. veronii can cause diseases ranging from wound infections and diarrhea to sepsis in immunocompromised patients. Humans treated with medicinal leeches after vascular surgery can be at risk for infection from A. veronii and are commonly placed on prophylactic antibiotics. Most commonly ciprofloxacin is used but there have been reports of resistant strains leading to infection. In leeches, this bacterium is thought to function in the digestion of blood, provision of nutrients, or preventing other bacteria from growing.
Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.
Swarming motility is a rapid and coordinated translocation of a bacterial population across solid or semi-solid surfaces, and is an example of bacterial multicellularity and swarm behaviour. Swarming motility was first reported by Jorgen Henrichsen and has been mostly studied in genus Serratia, Salmonella, Aeromonas, Bacillus, Yersinia, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Vibrio and Escherichia.
Streptococcus iniae is a species of Gram-positive, sphere-shaped bacterium belonging to the genus Streptococcus. Since its isolation from an Amazon freshwater dolphin in the 1970s, S. iniae has emerged as a leading fish pathogen in aquaculture operations worldwide, resulting in over US$100M in annual losses. Since its discovery, S. iniae infections have been reported in at least 27 species of cultured or wild fish from around the world. Freshwater and saltwater fish including tilapia, red drum, hybrid striped bass, and rainbow trout are among those susceptible to infection by S. iniae. Infections in fish manifest as meningoencephalitis, skin lesions, and septicemia.
Bacterial taxonomy is subfield of taxonomy devoted to the classification of bacteria specimens into taxonomic ranks.
Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans is a species of bacteria. They are facultative organohalide respiring bacteria capable of reductively dechlorinating chlorophenolic compounds and tetrachloroethene. They are anaerobic, motile, Gram-positive and rod-shaped bacteria capable of utilizing a wide range of electron donors and acceptors. The type strain JW/IU-DCT, DSM 9161, NCBi taxonomy ID 756499.
Enterococcus malodoratus is a species of the genus Enterococcus and a gram positive bacteria capable of opportunistic pathogenic response. These microbes have a thick polypeptide layer. Enterococcus can be found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. In a study on the enterococcal flora of swine, E. malodoratus was found in the intestines and feces. It was not identified within the tonsils of swine, nor within cats, calves, dogs, horse, or poultry. The name "malodoratus" translates to "ill smelling".
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the bacterial causative agent of piscirickettsiosis, an epizootic disease in salmonid fishes. It has a major impact on salmon populations, with a mortality rate of up to 90% in some species. The type strain, LF-89, is from Chile, but multiple strains exist, and some are more virulent than others. P. salmonis and piscrickettsiosis are present in various geographic regions from Europe to Oceania to South America, but the Chilean salmon farming industry has been particularly hard-hit. Different strategies of controlling the disease and farm-to-farm spread have been the subject of much research, but a significant amount is still unknown.
Oceanobacillus oncorhynchi is a halotolerant, obligately alkaliphilic bacterium first isolated from the skin of a rainbow trout, hence its name. It is Gram-positive, rod-shaped and motile by peritrichous flagella and produces ellipsoidal spores. The type strain is R-2(T).
Yersinia ruckeri is a species of Gram-negative bacteria, known for causing enteric redmouth disease in some species of fish. Strain 2396-61 is its type strain.
Vagococcus fluvialis is a species of bacteria. The type strain of V. fluvialis is NCDO 2497. It rarely causes human infection. The only genetically proven case of V. fluvialis endocarditis was detected in the Cochin, India.
Vagococcus penaei is a species of bacteria. It is Gram-positive, catalase-negative and coccus-shaped. Its type strain is CD276T.
Vagococcus acidifermentans is a Gram-positive, coccus-shaped, non-spore-forming, facultatively species of anaerobic bacteria. The type strain is AC-1(T).
Weissella thailandensis is a species of Gram-positive bacteria. It is a homofermentative, sphere-shaped lactic acid bacteria. Its type strain is FS61-1T. Its genome has been sequenced.
Chryseobacterium oncorhynchi is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from the trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.
Chryseobacterium tructae is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.
Tenacibaculum is a Gram-negative and motile bacterial genus from the family of Flavobacteriaceae.
Robert George Everitt Murray was an English-Canadian bacteriologist. He is known for his research on bacterial structure and pathology, as well as bacterial taxonomy.
References
- ↑ Wallbanks, S.; Martinez-Murcia, A. J.; Fryer, J. L.; Phillips, B. A.; Collins, M. D. (1990). "16S rRNA Sequence Determination for Members of the Genus Carnobacterium and Related Lactic Acid Bacteria and Description of Vagococcus salmoninarum sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 40 (3): 224–230. doi: 10.1099/00207713-40-3-224 . ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 1697764.
- ↑ Ruiz-Zarzuela I, de Bias I, Gironés O, Ghittino C, Múazquiz JL (2005). "Isolation of Vagococcus salmoninarum in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), broodstocks: characterization of the pathogen". Vet Res Commun. 29 (7): 553–62. doi:10.1007/s11259-005-2493-8. PMID 16142604. S2CID 20332137.
