Victim mentality

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Victim mentality is a psychological concept referring to a mindset in which a person, or group of people, tends to recognize or consider themselves a victim of the negative actions of others. In some cases, those with a victim mentality have in fact been the victim of wrongdoing by others or have otherwise suffered misfortune through no fault of their own. However, such misfortune does not necessarily imply that one will respond by developing a pervasive and universal victim mentality where one frequently perceives oneself to be a victim. [1] [ better source needed ] The term is also used in reference to the tendency for blaming one's misfortunes on somebody else's misdeeds, which is also referred to as victimism. [2] [3]

Contents

Victim mentality is primarily developed, for example, from family members and situations during childhood. Similarly, criminals often engage in victim thinking, believing themselves to be moral and engaging in crime only as a reaction to an immoral world and furthermore feeling that authorities are unfairly singling them out for persecution. [4]

Characteristics of the victimhood mindset have been observed at the group level, although not all individual-level traits apply. [5]

Features

A victim mentality may manifest itself in a range of different behaviours or ways of thinking:

It has been typically characterized by attitudes of pessimism, self-pity, and repressed anger. [9]

People with victim mentality may also:

At the individual and collective level, other features of a victim mentality include: [17]

Victims of abuse and manipulation

Victims of abuse and manipulation are often trapped in a self-image of victimization. The psychological profile of victimization includes a variety of feelings and emotions, such as pervasive sense of helplessness, passivity, loss of control, pessimism, negative thinking, strong feelings of guilt, shame, self-blame, and depression. [18] This way of thinking can lead one to hopelessness and despair. [19] The victim role can be reinforced by individuals viewing themselves as having had the same agency at the time they were victimized as they have in the present. [20] : 240 

It is common for a therapist to take a long period of time to build a trusting relationship with a victim. Oftentimes, victims will develop a distrust of authority figures, along with the expectation of being hurt or exploited. [20]

Sexual abuse and victim mentality appear to have strong connections. Regardless of gender, all age groups forced to participate in and perform non-consensual sexual acts are more likely to develop feelings of self-recrimination, guilt, and self-blame for acts that they were forced to perform. [21] Sexual abuse may also manifest in other ways such as petting, lewd verbal suggestions and communication, and exposure of one's body for sexual pleasure.

According to Koçtürk, Nilüfer et al. [22] the timing of disclosure among victims of abuse may vary, especially when it comes to sexual abuse. If the event occurred during their childhood or teenage years, they may not tell anyone until adulthood. The reasons for doing so are numerous, such as not wanting to draw attention to the event, not wanting the event to become a public spectacle, fear that their peers, friends, and others would think negatively of them, and not wanting to cause problems within the household. It has been found that victims who disclose to their family members early on usually have higher levels of support from family members and their community. Encouragement to disclose their traumatic experience sooner, rather than later, is greatly needed.

Studies conducted by Andronnikova and Kudinov [23] sought to determine a correlation between the degree of abuse and victimhood, and the victim's likelihood to exhibit behaviors consistent with a victim mentality. Studies were successful in identifying a strong correlation between those with a victim mentality and negative behaviors such as catastrophizing, self-demandingness, demandingness to others, and low frustration tolerance.

Breaking out

In 2005, a study led by psychologist Charles R. Snyder indicated that if a victim mentality sufferer forgives themselves or the situation leading to that mental state, symptoms of PTSD or hostility can be mediated. [24]

For adolescent victims, group support and psychodrama techniques can help people gain a realistic view of past traumas, seeing that they were helpless but are no longer so. [25] : 240  These techniques emphasize the victims' feelings and expressing those feelings. Support groups are useful in allowing others to practice assertiveness techniques, and warmly supporting others in the process. [25]

Successful techniques have included therapeutic teaching methods regarding concepts of normative decision theory, emotional intelligence, cognitive therapy, and psychological locus of control. These methods have proven helpful in allowing individuals with a victim mentality mindset to both recognize and release the mindset. [26]

Trauma, victimization, and victimology

Trauma can undermine an individual's assumptions about the world as a just and reasonable place and scientific studies have found that validation of trauma is important for therapeutic recovery. It is normal for victims to want perpetrators to take responsibility for their wrongdoing and studies conducted on patients and therapists indicate that they consider the validation of trauma and victimization as important for therapeutic recovery. [27] De Lint and Marmo identify an 'antivictimism' mentality existing within society as a whole, and those who choose to use the label victim mentality; expecting individuals to only be "true victims" by showing fortitude and refusing to show pain, with displays of pain being seen as a sign of weakness. This will create an environment where a victim is expected to share their emotions, only to be judged for displaying them. [28] : 55 

Victimology has studied the perceptions of victims from sociological and psychological perspectives. People who are victims of crime have a complicated relationship with the label of a victim, may feel that they are required to accept it to receive aid or for legal processes; they may feel accepting the label is necessary to avoid blame; they may want to reject it to avoid stigmatization, or give themselves a sense of agency; they may accept the label due to a desire for justice rather than sympathy. There can be a false dichotomy between the roles of victim and survivor, which either does not acknowledge the agency that victims exerted (for example, leaving their abusers) or the fact that others' behaviour caused them harm. [29]

Collective, competitive, and inclusive victimhood

Collective victimhood

Collective victimhood is a mindset shared by group members that one’s own group has been harmed deliberately and undeservedly by another group. [30] [31] Political psychologists Bar-Tal and Chernyak-Hai write that collective victim mentality develops from a progression of self-realization, social recognition, and eventual attempts to maintain victimhood status. [32] Researchers have observed that a strong feeling of collective victimhood is associated with a low forgiveness level and an increased desire for revenge. [5] They noted this pattern replicated in different contexts such as the Holocaust, [33] the conflict in Northern Ireland, [34] and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. [34] [5] [35]

Competitive victimhood

Competitive victimhood refers to a tendency to view one's group as having suffered more compared to an adversarial group [36] and describes the dynamic in violent, intractable conflicts where each group seeks to demonstrate that it has suffered more than the adversarial group. [37] [38] As a result, groups involved in violent conflicts tend perceive their victimization as exclusive and may belittle, minimize, or even deny the adversarial group’s pain and suffering. [5] [37] [39] Researchers observe that competitive victimhood arises from the conflicting parties' desire to defend their moral image, restore agency, and gain power. [40] [41] Competitive victimhood has been found to critically and significantly hinder conflict resolution and reconciliation, [38] as well as decrease the potential for future peaceful coexistence. [42]

Inclusive victimhood

Some researchers have argued that victim beliefs do not necessarily contribute to group conflict, hypothesizing that victim beliefs which recognize similarities between victim groups' experiences may increase empathy and prosocial behavior toward out-groups and adversarial groups. [39] This may aid in the reconciliation process, decreasing competitive victimhood and increasing forgiveness. [41] [38] [43] Other researchers hypothesize that rather than emphasizing inclusive victimhood, the emphasis should instead be on shared humanity. [38]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guilt (emotion)</span> Cognitive or an emotional experience

Guilt is a moral emotion that occurs when a person believes or realizes—accurately or not—that they have compromised their own standards of conduct or have violated universal moral standards and bear significant responsibility for that violation. Guilt is closely related to the concept of remorse, regret, as well as shame.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forgiveness</span> Renunciation or cessation of resentment, indignation, or anger

Forgiveness, in a psychological sense, is the intentional and voluntary process by which one who may have felt initially wronged, victimized, harmed or hurt goes through a process in changing feelings and attitude regarding a given offender for his/her actions, and overcomes the impact of the offense, flaw or mistake including negative emotions such as resentment or a desire for vengeance. Theorists differ in the extent to which they believe forgiveness also implies replacing the negative emotions with positive attitudes, or requires reconciliation with the offender. In certain legal contexts, forgiveness is a term for absolving someone of debt, loan, obligation, or other claims. Such legal usage can also be thought of as mercy, being distinct from forgiveness.

Blame is the act of censuring, holding responsible, or making negative statements about an individual or group that their actions or inaction are socially or morally irresponsible, the opposite of praise. When someone is morally responsible for doing something wrong, their action is blameworthy. By contrast, when someone is morally responsible for doing something right, it may be said that their action is praiseworthy. There are other senses of praise and blame that are not ethically relevant. One may praise someone's good dress sense, and blame their own sense of style for their own dress sense.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bullying</span> Use of force or coercion to abuse or intimidate others

Bullying is the use of force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception of an imbalance of physical or social power. This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict. Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by hostile intent, imbalance of power and repetition over a period of time.

Learned helplessness refers to an alleged correlation between the behavior exhibited by a subject and that subject's experience of enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control. It was initially thought to be caused by the subject's acceptance of their powerlessness, by way of their discontinuing attempts to escape or avoid the aversive stimulus, even when such alternatives are unambiguously presented. Upon exhibiting such behavior, the subject was said to have acquired learned helplessness.

Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a crime or any wrongful act is held entirely or partially at fault for the harm that befell them. There is historical and current prejudice against the victims of domestic violence and sex crimes, such as the greater tendency to blame victims of rape than victims of robbery if victims and perpetrators knew each other prior to the commission of the crime.

Relational aggression, alternative aggression, or relational bullying is a type of aggression in which harm is caused by damaging someone's relationships or social status.

Rape is a traumatic experience that affects the victim in a physical, psychological, and sociological way. Even though the effects and aftermath of rape differ among victims, individuals tend to suffer from similar issues found within these three categories. Long-term reactions may involve the development of coping mechanisms that will either benefit the victim, such as social support, or inhibit their recovery. Seeking support and professional resources may assist the victim in numerous ways.

Group conflict, or hostilities between different groups, is a feature common to all forms of human social organization, and also occurs in social animals. Although group conflict is one of the most complex phenomena studied by social scientists, the history of the human race evidences a series of group-level conflicts that have gained notoriety over the years. For example, from 1820 to 1945, it has been estimated that at least 59 million persons were killed during conflicts between groups of one type or another. Literature suggests that the number of fatalities nearly doubled between the years 1914 to 1964 as a result of further group conflict.

Sibling abuse includes the physical, psychological, or sexual abuse of one sibling by another. More often than not, the younger sibling is abused by the older sibling. Sibling abuse is the most common of family violence in the US, but the least reported. As opposed to sibling rivalry, sibling abuse is characterized by the one-sided treatment of one sibling to another.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crab mentality</span> Metaphor about spiteful attitude

Crab mentality, also known as crab theory, crabs in a bucket mentality, or the crab-bucket effect, is a way of thinking usually described by the phrase "if I can't have it, neither can you".

Moral disengagement is a meaning from Developmental psychology, educational psychology and social psychology for the process of convincing the self that ethical standards do not apply to oneself in a particular context. This is done by separating moral reactions from inhumane conduct and disabling the mechanism of self-condemnation. Thus, moral disengagement involves a process of cognitive re-construing or re-framing of destructive behavior as being morally acceptable without changing the behavior or the moral standards.

Victimisation is the state or process of being victimised or becoming a victim. The field that studies the process, rates, incidence, effects, and prevalence of victimisation is called victimology.

Victimization refers to a person being made into a victim by someone else and can take on psychological as well as physical forms, both of which are damaging to victims. Forms of victimization include bullying or peer victimization, physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, robbery, and assault. Some of these forms of victimization are commonly associated with certain populations, but they can happen to others as well. For example, bullying or peer victimization is most commonly studied in children and adolescents but also takes place between adults. Although anyone may be victimized, particular groups may be more susceptible to certain types of victimization and as a result to the symptoms and consequences that follow. Individuals respond to victimization in a wide variety of ways, so noticeable symptoms of victimization will vary from person to person. These symptoms may take on several different forms, be associated with specific forms of victimization, and be moderated by individual characteristics of the victim and/or experiences after victimization.

In social psychology, collective narcissism is the tendency to exaggerate the positive image and importance of a group to which one belongs. The group may be defined by ideology, race, political beliefs/stance, religion, sexual orientation, social class, language, nationality, employment status, education level, cultural values, or any other ingroup. While the classic definition of narcissism focuses on the individual, collective narcissism extends this concept to similar excessively high opinions of a person's social group, and suggests that a group can function as a narcissistic entity.

Peer victimization is the experience among children of being a target of the aggressive behavior of other children, who are not siblings and not necessarily age-mates.

Bullying is abusive social interaction between peers and can include aggression, harassment, and violence. Bullying is typically repetitive and enacted by those who are in a position of power over the victim. A growing body of research illustrates a significant relationship between bullying and emotional intelligence.

In social and developmental psychology, an individual's implicit theory of intelligence refers to his or her fundamental underlying beliefs regarding whether or not intelligence or abilities can change, developed by Carol Dweck and colleagues.

Self-blame is a cognitive process in which an individual attributes the occurrence of a stressful event to oneself. The direction of blame often has implications for individuals’ emotions and behaviors during and following stressful situations. Self-blame is a common reaction to stressful events and has certain effects on how individuals adapt. Types of self-blame are hypothesized to contribute to depression, and self-blame is a component of self-directed emotions like guilt and self-disgust. Because of self-blame's commonality in response to stress and its role in emotion, self-blame should be examined using psychology's perspectives on stress and coping. This article will attempt to give an overview of the contemporary study on self-blame in psychology.

Maladjustment is a term used in psychology to refer the "inability to react successfully and satisfactorily to the demand of one's environment". The term maladjustment can be refer to a wide range of social, biological and psychological conditions.

References

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  2. ↑ Harvey, Annelie J.; Callan, Mitchell J. (July 18, 2014). "Getting "Just Deserts" or Seeing the "Silver Lining": The Relation between Judgments of Immanent and Ultimate Justice". Abstract. PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e101803. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j1803H. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101803 . PMC   4103766 . PMID   25036011. Observers engaged in more ultimate justice reasoning for a "good" victim & greater immanent justice reasoning for a "bad" victim. Participants' construals of their bad breaks varied as a function of their self-worth, w/ greater immanent justice reasoning for participants with lower self-esteem.
  3. ↑ Kaminer, Wendy (July 30, 2010). "The Culture of 'Victimism' Gives Way to a Culture of Bullying". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  4. ↑ Bar-Tal, Daniel; Chernyak-Hai, Lily; Schori, Noa; Gundar, Ayelet (June 2009). "A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts" (PDF). Sequential stages: the process of victimization; Victim-to-victimizer cycle. International Review of the Red Cross . 91 (874): 234, 256. doi:10.1017/S1816383109990221. S2CID   53594158 . Retrieved August 7, 2018. those who perceive themselves as a victim attempt to gain social validation by persuading others (family, friends, authorities, etc.) to recognize that the harm occurred & that they are victims...the sense of collective victimhood is related to negative affective consequences of fear, reduced empathy & anger, to cognitive biases such as interpretation of ambiguous information as hostile & threatening, to emergence of the belief that violent action taken is morally justified, to reduced moral accountability & finally to a tendency to seek revenge.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kaufman, Scott Barry. "Unraveling the Mindset of Victimhood". Scientific American. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
  6. 1 2 de Vries, Manfred F.R. Kets (July 24, 2012). "Are You a Victim of the Victim Syndrome?". Mindful Leadership Coaching. London: INSEAD Business Press, Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2116238.
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  9. ↑ Shirin, Dr. Kim K. "The Victim Mentality". Articles. DrShirin.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
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  15. ↑ "Learned Helplessness and Generalized Victimhood | Change, Inc. St. Louis Counseling". 2017-07-27. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  16. ↑ Durlofsky, Dr Paula (2013-09-20). "Understanding the Victim Mentality". Main Line Today. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  17. ↑ Gabay, Rahav, Boaz Hameiri, Tammy Rubel-Lifschitz, and Arie Nadler. "The Tendency to Feel Victimized in Interpersonal and Intergroup Relationships." The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood (2020): 361.
  18. ↑ Remschmidt, Helmut (2001-08-16), "Sexual abuse and sexual maltreatment", Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents, Cambridge University Press, pp. 525–536, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511666438.032, ISBN   9780521775588 , retrieved 2022-03-10
  19. ↑ Braiker, Harriet B. (October 3, 2004). Who's Pulling Your Strings? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN   978-0071446723.(2006)
  20. 1 2 Knittle, Beverly J.; Tuana, Susan J. (January 1, 1980). "Group therapy as primary treatment for adolescent victims of intrafamilial sexual abuse". Helpless Victim Mentality. Clinical Social Work Journal . 8 (4). Human Sciences Press: 237–238. doi:10.1007/BF00758579. S2CID   71450173. Therapists...have noted the long period of time needed to build a trusting relationship. There is frequently distrust of...authority figures as well as the expectation of being hurt or exploited.
  21. ↑ Newsom, Walter S. (November 1993). "Review of Abused Boys: The Neglected Victims of Sexual Abuse". Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews. 38 (11): 1235. doi:10.1037/032816. ISSN   0010-7549.
  22. ↑ Koçtürk, Nilüfer; Bilginer, Samiye Çilem (2020-11-01). "Adolescent sexual abuse victims' levels of perceived social support and delayed disclosure". Children and Youth Services Review. 118: 105363. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105363. ISSN   0190-7409. S2CID   225358209.
  23. ↑ Andronnikova, Olga O.; Kudinov, Sergey I. (2021-12-30). "Cognitive Attitudes and Biases of Victim Mentality". Changing Societies & Personalities. 5 (4): 654. doi: 10.15826/csp.2021.5.4.155 . ISSN   2587-8964. S2CID   247073588.
  24. ↑ Snyder, Charles R.; Heinze, Laura S. (April 1, 2005). "Forgiveness as a mediator of the relationship between PTSD & hostility in survivors of childhood abuse". Discussion. Cognition and Emotion . 19 (3). Taylor & Francis: 413–31. doi:10.1080/02699930441000175. PMID   22686650. S2CID   1485398. ...overall forgiveness, as well as forgiveness of self and situations, mediate the PTSD-hostility relationship.
  25. 1 2 Knittle, Beverly J.; Tuana, Susan J. (January 1, 1980). "Group therapy as primary treatment for adolescent victims of intrafamilial sexual abuse". Helpless Victim Mentality. Clinical Social Work Journal . 8 (4). Human Sciences Press: 240. doi:10.1007/BF00758579. S2CID   71450173. The same incident would then be reenacted, only this time the victim would stop the assault by means of verbalizations, physically overpowering the offender, obtaining assistance from the other parent, or some other method. The group members develop a sense of mastery over situations in which they were once helpless. They use the group to practice assertiveness skills, and they warmly support each other in the process.
  26. ↑ Danziger, Sanford (2010). "The Educational Benefits of Releasing "Victim Mentality": An Approach from the Fields of Business and Psychology" (PDF). Developments. Journal of Developmental Education. 34 (2): 43. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  27. ↑ Kaufman, Scott Barry. "Unraveling the Mindset of Victimhood". Scientific American. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  28. ↑ Lint, Willem de; Marmo, Marinella (2018-07-03). Narrating Injustice Survival: Self-medication by Victims of Crime. Springer. ISBN   978-3-319-93494-5.
  29. ↑ Leisenring, Amy (2006). "Confronting "Victim" Discourses: The Identity Work of Battered Women". Symbolic Interaction. 29 (3): 307–330. doi:10.1525/si.2006.29.3.307. ISSN   1533-8665.
  30. ↑ Jasini, Alba; Delvaux, Ellen; Mesquita, Batja (2017). "Collective Victimhood and Ingroup Identity Jointly Shape Intergroup Relations, Even in a Non-violent Conflict: The Case of the Belgians". Psychol Belgica. 57 (3): 98–114. doi: 10.5334/pb.334 . PMC   6196837 . PMID   30479795.
  31. ↑ Bar-Tal, Daniel; Chernyak-Hai, Lily; Schori, Noa; Gundar, Ayelet (23 November 2009). "A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts". International Review of the Red Cross. 91 (874).
  32. ↑ Bar-Tal, Daniel; Chernyak-Hai, Lily; Schori, Noa; Gundar, Ayelet (June 2009). "A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts" (PDF). Foundations. International Review of the Red Cross . 91 (874): 233. doi:10.1017/S1816383109990221. S2CID   53594158 . Retrieved August 21, 2018. → Sense of Victimhood has 3 foundations: (1) rooted in a Realization of Harm Experienced either directly or indirectly (2) 'Victim': a social label → result of Social Recognition of an act as illegitimate harm (3) Individuals Perceive Themselves as Victims → often attempt to maintain this status
  33. ↑ Wohl, Michael J. A.; Branscombe, Nyla R. (June 2008). "Remembering historical victimization: collective guilt for current ingroup transgressions". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 94 (6): 988–1006. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.988. ISSN   0022-3514. PMID   18505313.
  34. 1 2 "The Shadows of the Past: Effects of Historical Group Trauma on Current Intergroup Conflicts" (PDF).
  35. ↑ Shefik, Sheniz (2017-03-21). "Socio-psychological Barriers To The Peace Process: Collective Victimhood And Identity In The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". The Organization for World Peace. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  36. ↑ Young, Issac; Sullivan, Daniel (2016). "Competitive victimhood: a review of the theoretical and empirical literature". Current Opinion in Psychology.
  37. 1 2 Noor, Masi; Shnabel, Nurit; Halabi, Samer; Nadler, Ari (2012). "When suffering begets suffering: the psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 16 (4): 351–374. doi:10.1177/1088868312440048. PMID   22461010.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Burkhardt-Vetter, Olga (21 February 2018). "Reconciliation in the Making: Overcoming Competitive Victimhood Through Inter-group Dialogue in Palestine/Israel". The Politics of Victimhood in Post-conflict Societies: 237–263. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70202-5_10. ISBN   978-3-319-70201-8.
  39. 1 2 Vollhardt, Johanna (21 Apr 2009). "The Role of Victim Beliefs in the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: Risk or Potential for Peace?". Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 15 (2): 135–159. doi:10.1080/10781910802544373.
  40. ↑ Danbold, Felix; Onyeador, Ivuoma; Unzueta, Miguel (January 2022). "Dominant groups support digressive victimhood claims to counter accusations of discrimination". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 98.
  41. 1 2 Shnabel, Nurit; Halabi, Samer; Noor, Masi (September 2013). "Overcoming competitive victimhood and facilitating forgiveness through re-categorization into a common victim or perpetrator identity". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 49 (5): 867–877.
  42. ↑ "The victim wars: How competitive victimhood stymies reconciliation between conflicting groups | Magazine issue 5/2012 - Issue 15 | In-Mind". www.in-mind.org. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  43. ↑ Demirel, Cagla (8 May 2023). "Exploring inclusive victimhood narratives: the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina". Third World Quarterly. 44 (8): 1770–1789. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2023.2205579 .

Bibliography

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